Determination of Moment-Deflection Characteristics of Automobile Seat Backs Appendices B & C

Appendix B

Appendix C

The following appendix contains the tabulated data for each of the seats tested. For most vehicles the front driver and passenger seat data are contained in a single table. In general, the data from the seat tested to failure are contained on the left side of the table and the data from the seat deflected to 75% of the ultimate load deflections are on the right side. This format was followed regardless of whether a driver or passenger seat was tested to failure.

GM Astro Driver

Stiffness =
216 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
216 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 31.98 2315 192 Delta 10 Deg

Delta 20 Deg 42.01 4480 782 Delta 20 Deg

Delta 30 Deg 51.99 6297 1739 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 61.99 7566 2957 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.01 8611 4368

FMVSS 207 Limit 36.52 3310 388 FMVSS 207 Limit

5% Yield Strength 51.32 6172 1669 5% Yield Strength

Ultimate Strength 72.01 8611 4368 Work Input

Energy Return

Chevy Suburban Driver Chevy Suburban Passenger

Stiffness =
397 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
223 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.00 3585 303 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 2284 223

Delta 20 Deg 42.02 6175 1184 Delta 20 Deg 42.02 4264 785

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 7230 2368 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.02 6972 3625 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.98 6354 4773

FMVSS 207 Limit 31.19 3306 253 FMVSS 207 Limit 37.59 3314 493

5% Yield Strength 34.78 4502 499 5% Yield Strength

Ultimate Strength 54.87 7290 2731 Work Input 46.08 4891 1121

Energy Return -316

Nissan Quest Passenger Nissan Quest Driver

Stiffness =
702 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
735 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 5946 464 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 5753 432

Delta 20 Deg 42.02 9930 1953 Delta 20 Deg

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 9270 3644 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.03 8733 5228 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.00 9559 6772

FMVSS 207 Limit 28.30 3303 165 FMVSS 207 Limit 28.62 3311 165

5% Yield Strength 36.71 8733 1071 5% Yield Strength 36.56 8670 1021

Ultimate Strength 43.52 9972 2213 Work Input 38.11 9126 1272

Energy Return -610

Ford Windstar Passenger Ford Windstar Driver

Stiffness =
432 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
484 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.03 4423 405 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 4124 327

Delta 20 Deg 42.03 7966 1543 Delta 20 Deg 42.02 7759 1362

Delta 30 Deg 52.01 9621 3037 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.03 12208 4970 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.99 13527 7207

FMVSS 207 Limit 29.07 3311 208 FMVSS 207 Limit 30.16 3325 206

5% Yield Strength 40.74 7837 1367 5% Yield Strength 34.57 5130 536

Ultimate Strength 71.99 13527 7207 Work Input 50.08 9821 2637

Energy Return -864

Dodge B250 Van Driver Dodge B250 Van Passenger

Stiffness =
471 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
468 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3815 289 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3730 284

Delta 20 Deg 41.98 6731 1282 Delta 20 Deg 41.98 6588 1251

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 7194 2495 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.01 8338 3827 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.98 9674 5404

FMVSS 207 Limit 30.91 3297 221 FMVSS 207 Limit 31.05 3321 224

5% Yield Strength 37.16 5913 733 5% Yield Strength 36.19 5418 622

Ultimate Strength 71.98 9674 5404 Work Input 50.39 6942 2265

Energy Return -653

Saab 900S Passenger Saab 900S Driver

Stiffness =
1041 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
862 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 5946 468 Delta 10 Deg 32.03 4755 337

Delta 20 Deg 42.00 14839 2386 Delta 20 Deg 42.05 12515 1875

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 19944 5468 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 61.98 13058 8636 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.98 9307 10456

FMVSS 207 Limit 28.62 3300 192 FMVSS 207 Limit 30.10 3312 202

5% Yield Strength 38.38 12322 1526 5% Yield Strength 40.38 11403 1539

Ultimate Strength 54.55 20300 6372 Work Input 46.16 14478 2881

Energy Return -1173

Ford Contour Passenger Ford Contour Driver

Stiffness =
782 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
683 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 7320 679 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 6228 512

Delta 20 Deg 42.05 8843 2084 Delta 20 Deg 42.04 8375 1801

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 11636 3846 Delta 30 Deg 52.00 11075 3480

Delta 40 Deg Delta 40 Deg 62.00 12584 5535

Delta 50 Deg Delta 50 Deg 71.98 6972 7038

FMVSS 207 Limit 26.24 3322 126 FMVSS 207 Limit 27.78 3295 160

5% Yield Strength 31.45 7024 615 5% Yield Strength 34.46 7483 808

Ultimate Strength Ultimate Strength 63.76 13052 5923

Hyundia Sonata Driver Hyundia Sonata Passenger

Stiffness =
681 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
632 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.01 4208 274 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 5421 431

Delta 20 Deg 41.99 9188 1516 Delta 20 Deg 42.00 9763 1778

Delta 30 Deg 52.01 10642 3276 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 61.97 7998 4962 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.01 6059 6160

FMVSS 207 Limit 30.68 3327 187 FMVSS 207 Limit 28.43 3306 155

5% Yield Strength 37.36 7469 830 5% Yield Strength 33.44 6148 575

Ultimate Strength 54.75 10884 3775 Work Input 46.74 10159 2636

Energy Return -914

Hyundai Accent Passenger Hyundai Accent Driver

Stiffness =
616 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
521 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.00 4535 310 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 4030 281

Delta 20 Deg 41.98 8609 1500 Delta 20 Deg 42.02 8644 1417

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 9905 3128 Delta 30 Deg 52.00 10419 3104

Delta 40 Deg 61.98 10929 4949 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.98 8338 6818

FMVSS 207 Limit 30.09 3281 179 FMVSS 207 Limit 30.61 3278 190

5% Yield Strength 34.66 5788 552 5% Yield Strength 41.44 8477 1333

Ultimate Strength 66.27 11848 5790 Work Input 55.43 9667 3737

Energy Return -986

Nissan Sentra Passenger

Stiffness =
913 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness = Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.00 6439 443 Delta 10 Deg

Delta 20 Deg 41.98 12029 2148 Delta 20 Deg

Delta 30 Deg 52.02 12096 4321 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.00 12141 6443 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.02 12387 8571

FMVSS 207 Limit 28.55 3309 150 FMVSS 207 Limit

5% Yield Strength 35.55 9212 934 5% Yield Strength

Ultimate Strength 47.50 12655 3337 Work Input

Energy Return

Ford Explorer Driver Ford Explorer Driver

Stiffness =
394 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
321 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.01 2679 186 Delta 10 Deg 32.01 2740 209

Delta 20 Deg 41.99 6096 983 Delta 20 Deg 41.99 5836 966

Delta 30 Deg 52.01 8365 2258 Delta 30 Deg 52.01 7945 2193

Delta 40 Deg 62.03 9157 3829 Delta 40 Deg 62.01 9480 3729

Delta 50 Deg 71.99 8966 5338

FMVSS 207 Limit 33.50 3335 263 FMVSS 207 Limit 33.83 3315 305

5% Yield Strength 39.67 5440 744 5% Yield Strength 45.39 6685 1335

Ultimate Strength 59.97 9239 3498 Work Input

Energy Return

Honda Passport Passenger Honda Passport Driver

Stiffness =
553 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
548 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.03 4463 338 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 5304 488

Delta 20 Deg 41.99 8109 1479 Delta 20 Deg

Delta 30 Deg 52.01 8507 2921 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.03 7208 4314 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.01 6726 5517

FMVSS 207 Limit 29.84 3332 193 FMVSS 207 Limit 27.91 3307 181

5% Yield Strength 35.05 5846 612 5% Yield Strength 32.19 5345 506

Ultimate Strength 50.94 8549 2762 Work Input 41.82 7134 1654

Energy Return -588

Honda Passport #2 Driver Honda Passport #2 Passenger

Stiffness =
590 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
586 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.03 5440 485 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 4827 497

Delta 20 Deg 41.98 8348 1694 Delta 20 Deg

Delta 30 Deg 51.99 8851 3225 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.01 8411 4725 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.99 8160 6164

FMVSS 207 Limit 27.96 3348 169 FMVSS 207 Limit 27.76 3358 169

5% Yield Strength 31.94 5377 479 5% Yield Strength 31.53 4554 461

Ultimate Strength 49.12 8997 2776 Work Input 41.62 7996 1619

Energy Return -631

Dodge Neon Passenger Dodge Neon Driver

Stiffness =
458 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
327 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3978 320 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3472 276

Delta 20 Deg 41.98 7525 1346 Delta 20 Deg 42.02 6970 1205

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 8918 2847 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 61.98 6511 4154 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.98 5903 5233

FMVSS 207 Limit 30.52 3319 226 FMVSS 207 Limit 31.51 3320 247

5% Yield Strength 36.03 5549 660 5% Yield Strength

Ultimate Strength 50.40 9197 2592 Work Input 42.82 7122 1312

Energy Return -505

Dodge Intrepid Driver Dodge Intrepid Passenger

Stiffness =
501 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
357 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3040 206 Delta 10 Deg 32.03 2325 166

Delta 20 Deg 42.00 7729 1172 Delta 20 Deg 42.00 5163 844

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 10019 2744 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.00 9292 4483 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.98 8114 5974

FMVSS 207 Limit 32.49 3318 233 FMVSS 207 Limit 34.66 3307 296

5% Yield Strength 41.96 7686 1169 5% Yield Strength 36.14 3627 387

Ultimate Strength 55.28 10255 3325 Work Input 46.13 5632 1244

Energy Return -381

Isuzu Rodeo Passenger Isuzu Rodeo Driver

Stiffness =
524 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
561 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 4519 370 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 3608 268

Delta 20 Deg 42.00 7869 1436 Delta 20 Deg 42.00 6208 1086

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 9039 2956 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.00 8555 4480 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.03 8817 5982

FMVSS 207 Limit 29.34 3309 189 FMVSS 207 Limit 30.89 3305 199

5% Yield Strength 32.58 4701 418 5% Yield Strength 31.96 3668 264

Ultimate Strength 49.63 9099 2581 Work Input 42.73 6167 1163

Energy Return -457

Chrysler Cirrus Passenger Chrysler Cirrus Driver

Stiffness =
373 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
358 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 2038 140 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 2038 144

Delta 20 Deg 42.00 5616 821 Delta 20 Deg 42.04 5314 802

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 8154 2032 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.00 8633 3551 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.03 6995 4876

FMVSS 207 Limit 35.36 3298 296 FMVSS 207 Limit 35.49 3296 306

5% Yield Strength 43.78 6115 1000 5% Yield Strength 40.84 4954 695

Ultimate Strength 58.49 8893 3007 Work Input 49.47 6632 1615

Energy Return -643

Ford Taurus Driver Ford Taurus Passenger

Stiffness =
518 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
444 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.00 2039 140 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 2940 210

Delta 20 Deg 42.05 6671 931 Delta 20 Deg 42.01 7338 1139

Delta 30 Deg 52.01 9575 2359 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.03 7912 3954 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.01 8644 5326

FMVSS 207 Limit 34.47 3302 255 FMVSS 207 Limit 32.65 3293 246

5% Yield Strength 40.06 5896 712 5% Yield Strength 43.25 7736 1300

Ultimate Strength 55.22 10217 2914 Work Input 45.17 8090 1570

Energy Return -758

Pontiac Sunfire Passenger Pontiac Sunfire Driver

Stiffness =
371 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
341 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.00 3019 241 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 2350 175

Delta 20 Deg 42.00 5545 995 Delta 20 Deg 41.98 6027 922

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 6818 2053 Delta 30 Deg 52.00 8377 2197

Delta 40 Deg 62.03 8153 3386 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.01 8379 4833

FMVSS 207 Limit 32.99 3306 295 FMVSS 207 Limit 34.16 3310 281

5% Yield Strength 32.99 3286 295 5% Yield Strength 47.57 7519 1581

Ultimate Strength 67.55 8379 4181 Work Input

Energy Return

Chevy Blazer Driver Chevy Blazer Passenger

Stiffness =
364 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
459 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3361 281 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3750 289

Delta 20 Deg 42.00 6848 1181 Delta 20 Deg 41.98 7224 1269

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 8655 2564 Delta 30 Deg 52.00 8728 2687

Delta 40 Deg 62.00 8928 4120 Delta 40 Deg 62.01 8686 4219

Delta 50 Deg 72.01 8697 5650

FMVSS 207 Limit 31.76 3298 266 FMVSS 207 Limit 31.00 3284 226

5% Yield Strength 43.97 7353 1426 5% Yield Strength 43.59 7605 1469

Ultimate Strength 57.93 8991 3487 Work Input 70.06 8071 5437

Energy Return -927

Mazda Protégé Passenger Mazda Protégé Driver

Stiffness =
523 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
436 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.00 4325 331 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 4306 415

Delta 20 Deg 42.03 6021 1273 Delta 20 Deg 42.02 7577 1445

Delta 30 Deg 51.99 9497 2631 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.01 7992 4262 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 71.99 5851 5453

FMVSS 207 Limit 29.95 3286 195 FMVSS 207 Limit 29.00 3314 220

5% Yield Strength 33.55 4897 457 5% Yield Strength 29.79 3546 267

Ultimate Strength 55.03 10345 3162 Work Input 50.31 7809 2663

Energy Return -811

Toyota 4-Runner Driver Toyota 4-Runner Passenger

Stiffness =
935 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
834 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 5169 308 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 7708 674

Delta 20 Deg 42.00 10316 1822 Delta 20 Deg

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 5916 3214 Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg 62.02 3780 4073 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.02 3588 4701

FMVSS 207 Limit 29.92 3311 153 FMVSS 207 Limit 26.41 3291 124

5% Yield Strength 34.98 7582 654 5% Yield Strength 32.26 7815 709

Ultimate Strength 40.24 10658 1499 Work Input 35.60 8940 1220

Energy Return -494

Nissan Maxima Passenger

Stiffness =
887 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness = Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 31.98 7376 560 Delta 10 Deg

Delta 20 Deg 41.98 11988 2384 Delta 20 Deg

Delta 30 Deg Delta 30 Deg

Delta 40 Deg Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg

FMVSS 207 Limit 27.44 3298 13 FMVSS 207 Limit

5% Yield Strength 35.97 10362 1180 5% Yield Strength

Ultimate Strength 45.18 12857 3144 Work Input

Energy Return

Mazda Millenia Driver Mazda Millenia Passenger

Stiffness =
776 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
1191 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.00 5160 384 Delta 10 Deg 32.00 9947 796

Delta 20 Deg 41.98 10925 1866 Delta 20 Deg 42.00 15119 3124

Delta 30 Deg 52.01 14412 4060 Delta 30 Deg 52.00 16982 5997

Delta 40 Deg 62.03 15993 6790 Delta 40 Deg 61.98 16354 8900

Delta 50 Deg 72.01 18759 9830 Delta 50 Deg 72.01 15165 11543

FMVSS 207 Limit 29.35 3301 194 FMVSS 207 Limit 25.92 3308 88

5% Yield Strength 37.40 8903 1003 5% Yield Strength 28.53 5987 312

Ultimate Strength 72.01 18759 9830 Ultimate Strength 49.56 17448 5264

Chevy T-600 Van Passenger Chevy T-600 Van Driver

Stiffness =
300 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs) Stiffness =
256 in-lb/deg Angle
(deg.) Moment
(in-lbs) Work
(in-lbs)

Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3141 272 Delta 10 Deg 32.02 3407 281

Delta 20 Deg 42.02 5872 1079 Delta 20 Deg 42.00 6106 1119

Delta 30 Deg 52.00 8467 2334 Delta 30 Deg 52.00 8450 2405

Delta 40 Deg 62.00 9914 3954 Delta 40 Deg

Delta 50 Deg 72.02 10160 5726

FMVSS 207 Limit 32.45 3305 297 FMVSS 207 Limit 31.70 3298 262

5% Yield Strength 41.85 5817 1062 5% Yield Strength 55.15 9022 2887

Ultimate Strength 68.58 10297 5113 Work Input 56.95 8831 3186

Energy Return -851

	GM Astro Driver
Stiffness = 216 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 216 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	31.98	2315	192	Delta 10 Deg
Delta 20 Deg	42.01	4480	782	Delta 20 Deg
Delta 30 Deg	51.99	6297	1739	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	61.99	7566	2957	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.01	8611	4368
FMVSS 207 Limit	36.52	3310	388	FMVSS 207 Limit
5% Yield Strength	51.32	6172	1669	5% Yield Strength
Ultimate Strength	72.01	8611	4368	Work Input
				Energy Return

	Chevy Suburban Driver			Chevy Suburban Passenger
Stiffness = 397 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 223 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.00	3585	303	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	2284	223
Delta 20 Deg	42.02	6175	1184	Delta 20 Deg	42.02	4264	785
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	7230	2368	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.02	6972	3625	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.98	6354	4773
FMVSS 207 Limit	31.19	3306	253	FMVSS 207 Limit	37.59	3314	493
5% Yield Strength	34.78	4502	499	5% Yield Strength
Ultimate Strength	54.87	7290	2731	Work Input	46.08	4891	1121
				Energy Return			-316

	Nissan Quest Passenger			Nissan Quest Driver
Stiffness = 702 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 735 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	5946	464	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	5753	432
Delta 20 Deg	42.02	9930	1953	Delta 20 Deg
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	9270	3644	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.03	8733	5228	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.00	9559	6772
FMVSS 207 Limit	28.30	3303	165	FMVSS 207 Limit	28.62	3311	165
5% Yield Strength	36.71	8733	1071	5% Yield Strength	36.56	8670	1021
Ultimate Strength	43.52	9972	2213	Work Input	38.11	9126	1272
				Energy Return			-610

	Ford Windstar Passenger			Ford Windstar Driver
Stiffness = 432 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 484 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.03	4423	405	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	4124	327
Delta 20 Deg	42.03	7966	1543	Delta 20 Deg	42.02	7759	1362
Delta 30 Deg	52.01	9621	3037	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.03	12208	4970	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.99	13527	7207
FMVSS 207 Limit	29.07	3311	208	FMVSS 207 Limit	30.16	3325	206
5% Yield Strength	40.74	7837	1367	5% Yield Strength	34.57	5130	536
Ultimate Strength	71.99	13527	7207	Work Input	50.08	9821	2637
				Energy Return			-864

	Dodge B250 Van Driver			Dodge B250 Van Passenger
Stiffness = 471 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 468 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3815	289	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3730	284
Delta 20 Deg	41.98	6731	1282	Delta 20 Deg	41.98	6588	1251
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	7194	2495	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.01	8338	3827	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.98	9674	5404
FMVSS 207 Limit	30.91	3297	221	FMVSS 207 Limit	31.05	3321	224
5% Yield Strength	37.16	5913	733	5% Yield Strength	36.19	5418	622
Ultimate Strength	71.98	9674	5404	Work Input	50.39	6942	2265
				Energy Return			-653

	Saab 900S Passenger			Saab 900S Driver
Stiffness = 1041 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 862 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	5946	468	Delta 10 Deg	32.03	4755	337
Delta 20 Deg	42.00	14839	2386	Delta 20 Deg	42.05	12515	1875
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	19944	5468	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	61.98	13058	8636	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.98	9307	10456
FMVSS 207 Limit	28.62	3300	192	FMVSS 207 Limit	30.10	3312	202
5% Yield Strength	38.38	12322	1526	5% Yield Strength	40.38	11403	1539
Ultimate Strength	54.55	20300	6372	Work Input	46.16	14478	2881
				Energy Return			-1173

	Ford Contour Passenger			Ford Contour Driver
Stiffness = 782 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 683 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	7320	679	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	6228	512
Delta 20 Deg	42.05	8843	2084	Delta 20 Deg	42.04	8375	1801
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	11636	3846	Delta 30 Deg	52.00	11075	3480
Delta 40 Deg				Delta 40 Deg	62.00	12584	5535
Delta 50 Deg				Delta 50 Deg	71.98	6972	7038
FMVSS 207 Limit	26.24	3322	126	FMVSS 207 Limit	27.78	3295	160
5% Yield Strength	31.45	7024	615	5% Yield Strength	34.46	7483	808
Ultimate Strength				Ultimate Strength	63.76	13052	5923

	Hyundia Sonata Driver			Hyundia Sonata Passenger
Stiffness = 681 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 632 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.01	4208	274	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	5421	431
Delta 20 Deg	41.99	9188	1516	Delta 20 Deg	42.00	9763	1778
Delta 30 Deg	52.01	10642	3276	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	61.97	7998	4962	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.01	6059	6160
FMVSS 207 Limit	30.68	3327	187	FMVSS 207 Limit	28.43	3306	155
5% Yield Strength	37.36	7469	830	5% Yield Strength	33.44	6148	575
Ultimate Strength	54.75	10884	3775	Work Input	46.74	10159	2636
				Energy Return			-914

	Hyundai Accent Passenger			Hyundai Accent Driver
Stiffness = 616 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 521 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.00	4535	310	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	4030	281
Delta 20 Deg	41.98	8609	1500	Delta 20 Deg	42.02	8644	1417
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	9905	3128	Delta 30 Deg	52.00	10419	3104
Delta 40 Deg	61.98	10929	4949	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.98	8338	6818
FMVSS 207 Limit	30.09	3281	179	FMVSS 207 Limit	30.61	3278	190
5% Yield Strength	34.66	5788	552	5% Yield Strength	41.44	8477	1333
Ultimate Strength	66.27	11848	5790	Work Input	55.43	9667	3737
				Energy Return			-986

	Nissan Sentra Passenger
Stiffness = 913 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness =	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.00	6439	443	Delta 10 Deg
Delta 20 Deg	41.98	12029	2148	Delta 20 Deg
Delta 30 Deg	52.02	12096	4321	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.00	12141	6443	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.02	12387	8571
FMVSS 207 Limit	28.55	3309	150	FMVSS 207 Limit
5% Yield Strength	35.55	9212	934	5% Yield Strength
Ultimate Strength	47.50	12655	3337	Work Input
				Energy Return

	Ford Explorer Driver			Ford Explorer Driver
Stiffness = 394 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 321 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.01	2679	186	Delta 10 Deg	32.01	2740	209
Delta 20 Deg	41.99	6096	983	Delta 20 Deg	41.99	5836	966
Delta 30 Deg	52.01	8365	2258	Delta 30 Deg	52.01	7945	2193
Delta 40 Deg	62.03	9157	3829	Delta 40 Deg	62.01	9480	3729
Delta 50 Deg	71.99	8966	5338
FMVSS 207 Limit	33.50	3335	263	FMVSS 207 Limit	33.83	3315	305
5% Yield Strength	39.67	5440	744	5% Yield Strength	45.39	6685	1335
Ultimate Strength	59.97	9239	3498	Work Input
				Energy Return

	Honda Passport Passenger			Honda Passport Driver
Stiffness = 553 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 548 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.03	4463	338	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	5304	488
Delta 20 Deg	41.99	8109	1479	Delta 20 Deg
Delta 30 Deg	52.01	8507	2921	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.03	7208	4314	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.01	6726	5517
FMVSS 207 Limit	29.84	3332	193	FMVSS 207 Limit	27.91	3307	181
5% Yield Strength	35.05	5846	612	5% Yield Strength	32.19	5345	506
Ultimate Strength	50.94	8549	2762	Work Input	41.82	7134	1654
				Energy Return			-588

	Honda Passport #2 Driver			Honda Passport #2 Passenger
Stiffness = 590 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 586 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.03	5440	485	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	4827	497
Delta 20 Deg	41.98	8348	1694	Delta 20 Deg
Delta 30 Deg	51.99	8851	3225	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.01	8411	4725	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.99	8160	6164
FMVSS 207 Limit	27.96	3348	169	FMVSS 207 Limit	27.76	3358	169
5% Yield Strength	31.94	5377	479	5% Yield Strength	31.53	4554	461
Ultimate Strength	49.12	8997	2776	Work Input	41.62	7996	1619
				Energy Return			-631

	Dodge Neon Passenger			Dodge Neon Driver
Stiffness = 458 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 327 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3978	320	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3472	276
Delta 20 Deg	41.98	7525	1346	Delta 20 Deg	42.02	6970	1205
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	8918	2847	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	61.98	6511	4154	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.98	5903	5233
FMVSS 207 Limit	30.52	3319	226	FMVSS 207 Limit	31.51	3320	247
5% Yield Strength	36.03	5549	660	5% Yield Strength
Ultimate Strength	50.40	9197	2592	Work Input	42.82	7122	1312
				Energy Return			-505

	Dodge Intrepid Driver			Dodge Intrepid Passenger
Stiffness = 501 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 357 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3040	206	Delta 10 Deg	32.03	2325	166
Delta 20 Deg	42.00	7729	1172	Delta 20 Deg	42.00	5163	844
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	10019	2744	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.00	9292	4483	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.98	8114	5974
FMVSS 207 Limit	32.49	3318	233	FMVSS 207 Limit	34.66	3307	296
5% Yield Strength	41.96	7686	1169	5% Yield Strength	36.14	3627	387
Ultimate Strength	55.28	10255	3325	Work Input	46.13	5632	1244
				Energy Return			-381

	Isuzu Rodeo Passenger			Isuzu Rodeo Driver
Stiffness = 524 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 561 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	4519	370	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	3608	268
Delta 20 Deg	42.00	7869	1436	Delta 20 Deg	42.00	6208	1086
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	9039	2956	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.00	8555	4480	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.03	8817	5982
FMVSS 207 Limit	29.34	3309	189	FMVSS 207 Limit	30.89	3305	199
5% Yield Strength	32.58	4701	418	5% Yield Strength	31.96	3668	264
Ultimate Strength	49.63	9099	2581	Work Input	42.73	6167	1163
				Energy Return			-457

	Chrysler Cirrus Passenger			Chrysler Cirrus Driver
Stiffness = 373 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 358 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	2038	140	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	2038	144
Delta 20 Deg	42.00	5616	821	Delta 20 Deg	42.04	5314	802
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	8154	2032	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.00	8633	3551	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.03	6995	4876
FMVSS 207 Limit	35.36	3298	296	FMVSS 207 Limit	35.49	3296	306
5% Yield Strength	43.78	6115	1000	5% Yield Strength	40.84	4954	695
Ultimate Strength	58.49	8893	3007	Work Input	49.47	6632	1615
				Energy Return			-643

	Ford Taurus Driver			Ford Taurus Passenger
Stiffness = 518 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 444 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.00	2039	140	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	2940	210
Delta 20 Deg	42.05	6671	931	Delta 20 Deg	42.01	7338	1139
Delta 30 Deg	52.01	9575	2359	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.03	7912	3954	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.01	8644	5326
FMVSS 207 Limit	34.47	3302	255	FMVSS 207 Limit	32.65	3293	246
5% Yield Strength	40.06	5896	712	5% Yield Strength	43.25	7736	1300
Ultimate Strength	55.22	10217	2914	Work Input	45.17	8090	1570
				Energy Return			-758

	Pontiac Sunfire Passenger			Pontiac Sunfire Driver
Stiffness = 371 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 341 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.00	3019	241	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	2350	175
Delta 20 Deg	42.00	5545	995	Delta 20 Deg	41.98	6027	922
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	6818	2053	Delta 30 Deg	52.00	8377	2197
Delta 40 Deg	62.03	8153	3386	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.01	8379	4833
FMVSS 207 Limit	32.99	3306	295	FMVSS 207 Limit	34.16	3310	281
5% Yield Strength	32.99	3286	295	5% Yield Strength	47.57	7519	1581
Ultimate Strength	67.55	8379	4181	Work Input
				Energy Return

	Chevy Blazer Driver			Chevy Blazer Passenger
Stiffness = 364 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 459 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3361	281	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3750	289
Delta 20 Deg	42.00	6848	1181	Delta 20 Deg	41.98	7224	1269
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	8655	2564	Delta 30 Deg	52.00	8728	2687
Delta 40 Deg	62.00	8928	4120	Delta 40 Deg	62.01	8686	4219
Delta 50 Deg	72.01	8697	5650
FMVSS 207 Limit	31.76	3298	266	FMVSS 207 Limit	31.00	3284	226
5% Yield Strength	43.97	7353	1426	5% Yield Strength	43.59	7605	1469
Ultimate Strength	57.93	8991	3487	Work Input	70.06	8071	5437
				Energy Return			-927

	Mazda Protégé Passenger			Mazda Protégé Driver
Stiffness = 523 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 436 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.00	4325	331	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	4306	415
Delta 20 Deg	42.03	6021	1273	Delta 20 Deg	42.02	7577	1445
Delta 30 Deg	51.99	9497	2631	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.01	7992	4262	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	71.99	5851	5453
FMVSS 207 Limit	29.95	3286	195	FMVSS 207 Limit	29.00	3314	220
5% Yield Strength	33.55	4897	457	5% Yield Strength	29.79	3546	267
Ultimate Strength	55.03	10345	3162	Work Input	50.31	7809	2663
				Energy Return			-811

	Toyota 4-Runner Driver			Toyota 4-Runner Passenger
Stiffness = 935 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 834 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	5169	308	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	7708	674
Delta 20 Deg	42.00	10316	1822	Delta 20 Deg
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	5916	3214	Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg	62.02	3780	4073	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.02	3588	4701
FMVSS 207 Limit	29.92	3311	153	FMVSS 207 Limit	26.41	3291	124
5% Yield Strength	34.98	7582	654	5% Yield Strength	32.26	7815	709
Ultimate Strength	40.24	10658	1499	Work Input	35.60	8940	1220
				Energy Return			-494

	Nissan Maxima Passenger
Stiffness = 887 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness =	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	31.98	7376	560	Delta 10 Deg
Delta 20 Deg	41.98	11988	2384	Delta 20 Deg
Delta 30 Deg				Delta 30 Deg
Delta 40 Deg				Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg
FMVSS 207 Limit	27.44	3298	13	FMVSS 207 Limit
5% Yield Strength	35.97	10362	1180	5% Yield Strength
Ultimate Strength	45.18	12857	3144	Work Input
				Energy Return

	Mazda Millenia Driver			Mazda Millenia Passenger
Stiffness = 776 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 1191 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.00	5160	384	Delta 10 Deg	32.00	9947	796
Delta 20 Deg	41.98	10925	1866	Delta 20 Deg	42.00	15119	3124
Delta 30 Deg	52.01	14412	4060	Delta 30 Deg	52.00	16982	5997
Delta 40 Deg	62.03	15993	6790	Delta 40 Deg	61.98	16354	8900
Delta 50 Deg	72.01	18759	9830	Delta 50 Deg	72.01	15165	11543
FMVSS 207 Limit	29.35	3301	194	FMVSS 207 Limit	25.92	3308	88
5% Yield Strength	37.40	8903	1003	5% Yield Strength	28.53	5987	312
Ultimate Strength	72.01	18759	9830	Ultimate Strength	49.56	17448	5264

	Chevy T-600 Van Passenger			Chevy T-600 Van Driver
Stiffness = 300 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)	Stiffness = 256 in-lb/deg	Angle (deg.)	Moment (in-lbs)	Work (in-lbs)
Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3141	272	Delta 10 Deg	32.02	3407	281
Delta 20 Deg	42.02	5872	1079	Delta 20 Deg	42.00	6106	1119
Delta 30 Deg	52.00	8467	2334	Delta 30 Deg	52.00	8450	2405
Delta 40 Deg	62.00	9914	3954	Delta 40 Deg
Delta 50 Deg	72.02	10160	5726
FMVSS 207 Limit	32.45	3305	297	FMVSS 207 Limit	31.70	3298	262
5% Yield Strength	41.85	5817	1062	5% Yield Strength	55.15	9022	2887
Ultimate Strength	68.58	10297	5113	Work Input	56.95	8831	3186
				Energy Return			-851