VIII. References
Adams, S. L. Drunk drivers in Massachusetts: Section A. Offender profiles, arraignments, and recidivism.
Boston, MA: Office of the Commissioner of Probation, 1992.
Baker, E. H., and Beck, K. H. Ignition interlock for DWI offenders - A useful tool? Alcohol, Drugs and Driving,
7(2):107-115, 1991.
Balmforth, D. National survey of drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors. DOT HS 808 644. Washington,
DC: The Gallup Organization, National Highway Safety Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.
Baxter, B. L.; Salzberg, P. M.; and Kleyn, J. E. (1993). Effectiveness of deferred prosecution in reducing DWI
recidivism: An update. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Beck, K.; Rauch, W.; Baker, E.; and Williams, A. Effects of ignition interlock license restrictions on drivers
with multiple alcohol offenses: A random trial in Maryland. American Journal of Public Health, 89:
1696-1700, 1999.
Beirness, D. J., Mayhew, D. R., and Simpson, H. M. (1991). Factors associated with risky and problem driving
II. Review of assessment instruments. Ottawa, Canada: Transport Canada.
Breckenridge, J. F.; Winfree, L. T.; Maupin, J. R.; and Clason, D. L. Drunk drivers, DWI “Drug Court” treatment,
and recidivism: Who fails? Justice Research and Policy, 2(1):87-105, 2000.
Cavaiola, A., and Wuth, C. Assessment and treatment of the DWI offender. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press,
Inc., 2002.
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). Screening and assessment for alcohol and other drug abuse
among adults in the Criminal Justice System, Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 7. [SMA]94-
2076. Rockville, MD: CSAT, Department of Health and Human Services, 1994.
Chang, I.; Gregory, C.; and Lapham, S. C. Reviews of screening instruments and procedures for evaluating DWI
offenders. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2002.
Chick, J.; Gough, K.; Falkowski, W.; Kershaw, P.; Hore, B.; Mehta, B.; Ritson, B.; Ropner, R.; and Torley, D.
Disulfriam treatment of alcoholism. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161:84-89, 1992.
Coben, J. H., and Larkin, G. L. Effectiveness of ignition interlock devices in reducing drunk driving recidivism.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 16:81-87, 1999.
Conway, P. Letter from the Editor. Journal of Offender Monitoring, 16(1):5, 2003.
Cotton, C. P., and Spencer, M. S. Community assessment tool. Athens, Georgia: Department of Health
Promotion and Behavior, University of Georgia, Sponsored by National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, 2002 12/12.
Courtright, K.; Berg, B.; and Mutchnick, R. Rehabilitation in the new machine? Exploring drug and alcohol use
and variables related to success among DUI offenders under electronic monitoring-some preliminary
outcome results. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(3):293-
311, 2000.
DeBaca, J. C.; Lapham, S. C.; Paine, S.; and Skipper, B. J. Victim impact panels: Who is sentenced to attend?
Does attendance affect recidivism of first-time DWI offenders? Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Re
search, 24(9):1420-1426, 2000.
DeYoung, D. J. An evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol treatment driver license actions and jail terms in
reducing drunk driving recidivism in California. Addiction, 92(8):989-997, 1997.
DeYoung, D. J. An evaluation of the specific deterrent effects of vehicle impoundment on suspended, revoked,
and unlicensed drivers in California. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 31:45-53, 1999.
DeYoung, D. J. An evaluation of the general deterrent effects of vehicle impoundment on suspended and
revoked drivers in California. Journal of Safety Research, 31(2):51-59, 2000.
Donovan, D. M., and Marlatt, G. A. Personality subtypes among driving-while-intoxicated offenders: Relationship
to drinking behavior and driving risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(2):241-249, 1982.
Emrick, C. D.; Tonigan, J. S.; Montgomery, H.; and Little, L. Alcoholics Anonymous: What is currently known?
In B. S. McCrady and W. R. Miller (Eds.), Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and
alternatives (pp. 41-76). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1993.
EMT Group. Evaluation of the California ignition interlock pilot program for DUI offenders (Farr-Davis Driver
Safety Act of 1986). Prepared for the California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs and The
California Office of Traffic Safety. Sacramento, CA: The EMT Group, Inc., 1990 March 7.
Ewing, J.A. Detecting Alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire. Journal of the American Medical Association,
252: 1905-1907, 1984.
Falkowski, C. L. The impact of two-day jail sentences for drunk drivers in Hennepin County, Minnesota.
DOT HS 806 839. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1984.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform crime reports: Crime in the United States - 2002. Washington, DC:
Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2003.
Fell, J. Drivers with repeat convictions or arrests for driving while impaired-United States. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 43(47)1994.
Fell, J. C. Drinking and driving in America: Disturbing facts - encouraging reductions. Alcohol Health and
Research World, 14(1):18-25, 1990.
Fell, J. C., and Klein, T. Update: Alcohol-related traffic fatalities-United States, 1982-1993. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report, 43(47):861-867, 1994, December 2.
Fell, J. C. Keeping us on track: A national program to reduce impaired driving in the United States. Journal of
Substance Use, 6(4):258-268, 2001.
Forman, B. D., and Florenzano, R. U. Blood alcohol concentration on arrest as an indicator of problem
drinking in driving under the influence offenders. Psychiatric Forum, Winter 1978-79:47-50, 1979.
Fors, S., and Rojeck, D. The effect of victim impact panels on DUI/DWI re-arrest rates: A twelve-month
follow-up. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60(4):514-520, 1999.
Freeman-Wilson, K., and Wilkosz, M. P. Drug court publications resource guide (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, VA:
National Drug Court Institute, 2002.
Gentilello, L. M.; Rivara, F. P.; Donovan, D. M.; Jurkovich, G. J.; Daranciang, E.; Dunn, C. W.; Villaveces, A.;
Copass, M.; and Ries, R. R. Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of
injury recurrence. Annals of Surgery, 230(4):473-483, 1999.
Gilbert, D. T., and Stephen, J. A. Is suspension of driver licenses in jeopardy? National Coalition for ALR. Double
jeopardy administrative license revocation packet. APRI National Traffic Law Center, 1995.
Goldschmidtt v. State, 490 So. 2d 123 (Fla. App. 1986).
Goldsmith, S. Prosecutors and drunk driving: Choosing as effective role. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving,
8(1):1-16, 1992.
Gould, L. A., and Gould, K. H. First-time and multiple-DWI offenders: A comparison of criminal history records
and BAC levels. Journal of Criminal Justice, 20(6):527-539, 1992.
Greene, G. S., and Phillips, Z. H. An examination of intensive probation for alcohol offenders: Five-year follow-
up. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 34(1):31-42, 1990.
Griffin III, L. I., and DeLaZerda, S. Unlicensed to kill. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety,
2000, June.
Guerin, P., and Pitts, W. J. Evaluation of the Bernalillo County Metropolitan DWI/Drug Court: Final report.
Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico, Center for Applied Research and Analysis, 2002.
Hagen, R. E. The efficacy of licensing controls as a countermeasure for multiple DUI offenders. Journal of
Safety Research, 10(3):115-122, 1978.
Harding, W. M. User’s guide to new approaches and sanctions for multiple DWI offenders. DOT HS 807 571.
Springfield, VA: National Highway Safety Administration/National Technical Information Service, 1989a.
Harding, W. M. Assessment of multiple DWI offender restrictions. DOT HS 807 615. Springfield, VA: National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration/National Technical Information Service, 1989b.
Hedlund, J. H. (1994). “If they didn’t drink, would they crash anyway?” The role of alcohol in traffic crashes.
Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving, 10, 115-125.
Holder, H. D., and Blose, J. O. The reduction of health care costs associated with alcoholism treatment: A 14-
year longitudinal study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(4):293-302, 1992.
Homel, R. Penalties and the drink-driver: A study of one thousand offenders. Australia and New Zealand
Journal of Criminology. 14:225-241, 1981.
Hudson v. United States, 118 S. Ct. 488 (1997).
Jacobs, J. B. Toward a jurisprudence of drunk driving recidivism. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 6(3-4):
205-211, 1990.
Jones, R. K.; Joksch, H. C.; Lacey, J. H.; and Schmidt, H. J. Field evaluation of jail sanctions for DWI. DOT HS
807 325. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 1988 April 29.
Jones, R. K., and Lacey, J. H. Review of the literature evaluating the effect of countermeasures to reduce alcohol-
impaired driving (1980-1989). DOT HS 808 023. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, 1991.
Jones, R. K.; Wiliszowski, C. H.; and Lacey, J. H. Evaluation of alternative programs for repeat DWI offenders.
DOT HS 808 493. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Program
Development and Evaluation, 1996.
Jones, R. K., and Lacey, J. H. State of knowledge of alcohol impaired driving: Research on repeat DWI offenders.
DOT HS 809 027. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2000.
Jones, R. K., and Lacey, J. H. Alcohol and highway safety 2001: A review of the state of knowledge. DOT HS 809
383. Springfield, VA: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
2001 November.
Jones, R. L., and Lacey, J. H. Evaluation of an individualized sanctioning program for DWI offenders. DOT HS
808 842. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1998 December.
Jones, R. L., and Lacey, J. H. Evaluation of a day reporting center for repeat DWI offenders. DOT HS 808 989.
Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.
Jones, R. L. Evaluation of the DUI Court Program in Maricopa County, Arizona. Washington, DC: National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in press, 2005)
Kadden, R. M. Cognitive-behavioral approaches to alcoholism treatment. Alcohol Health and Research World,
18(4):279-286, 1994.
Kennedy, B. P.; Isaac, N. E.; and Graham, J. D. Drinking driver literature review. Boston, MA: Harvard School
of Public Health, 1993.
Kunitz, S. J.; Woodall, W. G.; Zhao, H.; Wheeler, D. R.; Lillis, R.; and Rogers, E. Rearrest rates after incarceration
for DWI: A comparative study in a southwestern U.S. county. American Journal of Public Health,
92(11):1826-1831, 2002.
Lacey, J. H.; Jones, R. K.; and Stewart, J. R. Cost-benefit analysis of administrative license suspensions. DOT HS
807 689. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1991 January.
Lacey, J. H.; Jones, R. K.; and Wiliszowski, C. H. Validation of problem drinking screening instruments for
DWI offenders. DOT HS 808 881. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA), 1999.
Lapham, S. C.; Skipper, B. J.; Owen, J. P.; Kleyboecker, K.; Teaf, D.; Thompson, B.; and Simpson, G. Alcohol
abuse screening instruments: Normative test data collected from a first DWI offender screening
program. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56:51-59, 1995.
Latessa, E. J., and Travis, L. F. The effects of intensive supervision with alcoholic probationers. Journal of
Offender Counseling, Services, and Rehabilitation, 12(2):175-190, 1988.
Lilly, J. R.; Ball, R. A.; Curry, G. D.; and McMullen, J. Electronic monitoring of the drunk driver: A seven-year
study of the home confinement alternative. Crime and Delinquency, 39(4):462-484, 1993.
Lindsay v. State, 606 So. 2d 652 (Fla. App. 1992).
Longabaugh, R.; Woolard, R. F.; Nirenberg, T. D.; Minugh, A. P.; Becker, B.; Clifford, P. R.; Carty, K.; Sparadeo, F.;
and Gogineni, A. Evaluating the effects of a brief motivational intervention for injured drinkers in
the emergency department. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(6):806-816, 2001.
Mann, R. E.; Vingilis, E. R.; Gavin, D.; Adlaf, E.; and Anglin, L. Sentence severity and the drinking driver:
Relationships with traffic safety outcome. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23(6):483-491, 1991.
Marques, P. R., and Voas, R. B. Case-managed alcohol interlock programs: A bridge between the criminal and
health systems. Journal of Traffic Medicine, 23(2):77-85, 1995.
Marques, P. R.; Voas, R. B.; and Hodgins, D. Vehicle interlock programs: Protecting the community against the
drunk driver. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 17(1):31-44, 1998.
Marques, P. R.; Voas, R. B.; Tippetts, A. S.; and Beirness, D. J. Behavioral monitoring of DUI offenders with the
alcohol ignition interlock recorder. Addiction, 94(12):1861-1870, 1999.
Marques, P. R.; Tippetts, A. S.; Voas, R. B.; and Beirness, D. J. Predicting repeat DUI offenses with the alcohol
interlock recorder. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33(5):609-619, 2001.
Marques, P. R.; Voas, R. B.; and Tippetts, A. S. Behavioral measures of drinking: Patterns in the interlock
record. Addiction, 98(Suppl 2):13-19, 2003.
Martin, S. E.; Annan, S.; and Forst, B. The special deterrent effects of jail sanction on first-time drunk drivers:
A quasi-experimental study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 25(5):561-568, 1993.
Maruschak, L. DWI offenders under correctional supervision. NCJ 172212. Washington, DC: Office of Justice
Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.
Mayhew, D. R., and Simpson, H. M. The hard-core drinking driver. Paper presented at the Traffic Injury
Research Foundation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, (1991).
McCartt, A. T.; Geary, L. L.; and Nissen, W. J. Observational study of the extent of driving while suspended for
alcohol-impaired driving. DOT HS 809 491. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, 2002a August.
McCartt, A. T.; Shabanova, V.; and Berning, A. Effects of enhanced sanctions for higher BACs. In D. R. Mahew
and C. Dussault (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and
Traffic Safety (Vol. 2, pp. 617-622). Montréal, Canada: Société de l’assurance automobile du
Québec, 2002b.
McCartt, A.T. and Northrup, V.S. Enhanced Sanctions for Higher BACs: Evaluation of Minnesota’s High-BAC Law.
DOT HS 809 677. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2004 May.
McCrady, B. S., and Miller, W. R. (Eds.). Research on Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and alternatives.
New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1993.
McDonald, D. C.; Greene, J.; and Worzella, C. (Eds.). Day Fines in American Courts: The Staten Island and
Milwaukee Experiments: Diane Books Publishing Company, 1992.
McKnight, A. J., and Voas, R. B. The effect of license suspension upon DWI recidivism. Alcohol, Drugs and
Driving, 7(1):43-54, 1991.
McLellan, A. T. Is addiction an illness-Can it be treated? Substance Abuse, 23(3):(Supplement): 78-88, 2002.
McMillen, D. L.; Adams, M. S.; Wells-Parker, E.; Pang, M. G.; and Anderson, B. J. Personality traits and behaviors
of alcohol-impaired drivers: A comparison of first and multiple offenders. Addictive Behaviors, 17(5):
407-414, 1992.
McMillen, D. L.; Pang, M. G.; Wells-Parker, E.; and Anderson, B. J. Alcohol, personality traits, and high risk
driving: A comparison of young, drinking driver groups. Addictive Behaviors, 17(6):525-532, 1992.
Miller, W. R., and Rollnick, S. Motivational interviewing. Preparing people to change addictive behavior. New
York: Guilford, 1991.
Miller, W. R.; Zweben, A.; DiClemente, C. C.; and Rychtarik, R. G. Motivational enhancement therapy manual:
A clinical research guide for therapists treating individuals with alcohol abuse and dependence. NIAAA
Project MATCH Monograph Series Volume 2. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism, 1992.
Miller, W. R. Behavioral treatments for drug problems: Lessons from the alcohol treatment outcome literature.
In L. S. Onken, J. D. Blaine and J. J. Boren (Eds.), Behavioral Treatments for Drug Abuse and Dependence.
NIDA Research Monograph 137 (pp. 167-180). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1993.
Miller, W. R., and Wilbourne, P. L. Mesa Grande: A methodological analysis of clinical trials of treatments for
alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 97:265-277, 2002.
Morse, B. J., and Elliott, D. S. Effects of ignition interlock devices on DUI recidivism: Findings from a longitudinal
study in Hamilton County, Ohio. Crime and Delinquency, 38(2):131-157, 1992.
Nace, E. P. Inpatient treatment. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments in alcoholism, Ten years of progress
(Vol. 11, pp. 429-452). New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1993.
National Association of Drug Court Professionals. Defining drug courts: The key components. DD165478.
Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1997.
National Drug Court Institute. Drug Court Review (Vol. IV, Issue 1). Alexandria, VA, 2002, Summer.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The drunk driver and the jail problem, Volume 1. DOT HS 806
761. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1986.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Police time and costs associated with administrative license
revocation. DOT HS 808 064. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 1993.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Fatality analysis reporting system (FARS) 1994. Washington,
DC: National Center for Statistics and Analysis, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1995a.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Repeat DWI offenders in the United States. Traffic Tech 85.
Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1995b.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Computing a BAC estimate. Washington, DC: National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration, 1995c October.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. A guide
to sentencing DUI offenders. DOT HS 808 365. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse Alcoholism, 1996 March.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Strategies for success: Combating juvenile DUI. DOT HS 808
845. Rockville, MD: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, 1999 August.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 2002: Alcohol. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2003a.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Initiatives to address impaired driving. Washington, DC:
Integrated Project Team (IPT), 2003b.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and
health from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 2000.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide. Washington,
DC, 1999.
Nichols, J. L., and Quinlan, K. E. Prosecution, adjudication, and sanctioning: A process evaluation of post-1980
activities-Surgeon General’s workshop on drunk driving, background papers. Rockville, MD: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, 1989.
Nichols, J. L., and Ross, H. L. The effectiveness of legal sanctions in dealing with drinking drivers, Surgeon
General’s workshop on drunk driving: Background papers (pp. 93-112). Washington, DC: U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 1989.
Nichols, J. L. Treatment versus deterrence. Alcohol Health and Research World, 14(1):44-51, 1990.
Nichols, J. L., and Ross, H. L. The effectiveness of legal sanctions in dealing with drinking drivers. Alcohol,
Drugs and Driving, 6(2):33-55, 1990.
Nochajski, T.; Bell, J.; and Augustino, D. Impact of treatment on DWI offenders: A 10 year follow-up. In
Kloeden and McLean (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and
Traffic Safety (ICADTS), Adelaide, Australia. Stockholm, Sweden, 1995.
Nochajski, T., and Stasiewicz, P. Short-term effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention with convicted
DWI offenders. In Mayhew and Dussault (Eds.), Proceedings of Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety - T 2002:
16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, August 4-9, 2002.Montreal,
Canada, 2002.
Nochajski, T. H.; Walter, J. M.; and Wieczorek, W. F. Identification of drinker-driver recidivists. In C. Mercier-
Guyon (Ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety
(pp. 797-802). Annecy, France: CERMT Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches en Medecine du Traffic, 1997.
Nochajski, T. H., and Wieczorek, W. F. Identifying potential recidivists: Do non-obvious indicators help? Journal
of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 17(1):69-83, 1998.
Nochajski, T. H., and Wieczorek, W. F. Driver characteristics as a function of DWI history. In H. Laurell and
F. Schlyter (Eds.), Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on
Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Stockholm, Sweden: International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and
Traffic Safety (ICADTS), 2000.
Nowinski, J.; Baker, S. P.; and Carroll, K. Twelve step facilitation therapy manual: A clinical research guide
for therapists treating individuals with alcohol abuse and dependence, Project Match Monograph (Vol. 1,
DHHS Publication No. 94-3722). Rockville, MD: NIAAA, 1992.
Parent, D. G.; Auerbach, B.; and Carlson, K. E. Compensating crime victims: A summary of policies and
practices. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1992.
Paulsrude, S., and Klingberg, C. License suspension: A paper tiger? Olympia, Washington: Washington State
Research and Technology Division, Department of Motor Vehicles, 1975.
Peck, R. C.; Wilson, R. J.; and Sutton, L. “Driver license strategies for controlling the persistent DUI offender.”
Background paper, The Transportation Research Board Workshop on the Persistent Drunk Driver. Woods
Hole, MA, 1994.
Perrine, M. W.; Peck, R. C.; and Fell, J. C. Epidemiologic perspectives on drunk driving. Paper presented at
the U.S. Surgeon General’s Workshop on Drunk Driving, December 1988, Washington, DC: Government
Printing Office, (1988).
Popkin, C. L.; Kannenberg, C. H.; Lacey, J. H.; and Waller, P. F. Assessment of classification instruments designed
to detect alcohol abuse. DOT HS 807 475. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
1988 December.
Popkin, C. L.; Stewart, J. R.; Martell, C.; and Birckmayer, J. D. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the interlock
in preventing recidivism in a population of multiple DWI offenders. Unpublished manuscript Final Report
for the Governor’s Highway Safety Program, Project No. AL-92-02-02. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, 1992.
Popkin, C. L., and Wells-Parker, E. A research agenda for the specific deterrence of DWI. Journal of Traffic
Medicine, 22(1):1-14, 1994.
Project MATCH Research Group. Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH
posttreatment drinking outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(1):7-29, 1997.
Rauch, W. J.; Zador, D.; Ahlin, E. M.; Baum, H.; Duncan, D.; Beck, K.; Raleigh, R.; Joyce, J.; and Gretsinger, N.
Alcohol-impaired driving recidivism among first offenders more closely resembles that of multiple offenders.
In D. R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol,
Drugs and Traffic Safety, August 4-9, 2002 (Vol. 1, pp. 289-294). Montréal, Canada: Société de l’assurance
automobile du Québec, 2002a.
Rauch, W. J.; Zador, P.; Ahlin, E. M.; Baum, H.; Duncan, D.; Beck, K.; Raleigh, R.; Joyce, J.; and Gretsinger, N.
Any first alcohol-impaired driving event is a significant and substantial predictor of future recidivism.
In D. R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol,
Drugs and Traffic Safety, August 4-9, 2002 (Vol. 1, pp. 161-167). Montreal, Canada: Société de l’assurance
automobile du Québec, 2002b.
Rauch, W. J.; Zador, P.; Ahlin, E. M.; Baum, H.; Duncan, D.; Beck, K.; Raleigh, R.; Joyce, J.; and Gretsinger, N.
A longitudinal survival analysis of drivers with multiple alcohol-related traffic offenses: Fifth year follow-up
of a randomized ignition interlock license restriction trial in Maryland. In D. R. Mayhew and C. Dussault
(Eds.), Proceedings of Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety - T 2002: 16th International Conference on
Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, August 4-9, 2002 (Vol. 1, pp. 139-144). Montreal, Canada: Société de
l’assurance automobile du Québec, 2002c.
Raymond, A. Social drinkers or alcoholics? In J. N. Santamaria (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1985 Autumn School
on Alcohol and Drugs, St. Vincents Hospital (pp. 127-132). Melbourne, Australia, 1985.
Robertson, R. D., and Simpson, H. M. DWI system improvements for dealing with hard core drinking drivers:
Sanctioning. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2002 December.
Rodgers, A. Effect of Minnesota’s license plate impoundment law on recidivism of multiple DWI violators.
Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 10(2):127-134, 1994.
Ross, H., and Gonzales, P. The effect of license revocation on drunk-driving offenders. Accident Analysis and
Prevention, 20(5):379-391, 1988.
Ross, H. L. Social control through deterrence: Drinking-and-driving laws. Annual Review of Sociology,
10:21-35, 1984.
Ross, H. L.; McCleary, R.; and LaFree, G. Can mandatory jail laws deter drunk driving? The Arizona case. Journal
of Criminal Law and Criminology, 81(1):156-170, 1990.
Ross, H. L. License deprivation as a drunk-driver sanction. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 7(1):63-70, 1991.
Ross, H. L. Confronting drunk driving: Social policy for saving lives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,
1992.
Ross, H. L., and Klette, H. Abandonment of mandatory jail for impaired drivers in Norway and Sweden. Accident
Analysis and Prevention, 27(2):151-157, 1995.
Sadler, D. D.; Perrine, M. W.; and Peck, R. C. The long-term traffic safety impact of a pilot alcohol abuse treatment
as an alternative to license suspension. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23(4):203-224, 1991.
Salter, W., and Ryan, G. A. Drinking habits and other characteristics of road crash casualties. In J. N. Santamaria
and P. Wilkinson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1976 Autumn School of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, St. Vincent’s
Hospital (pp. 95-102). Melbourne, Australia, 1976.
Salzberg, P. M., and Paulsrude, S. P. An evaluation of Washington’s driving while intoxicated law: Effect on
drunk driving recidivism. Journal of Safety Research, 15(3):117-124, 1984.
Shinar, D., and Compton, R. Victim impact panels: Their impact on DWI recidivism. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving,
11(1):73-87, 1995.
Siegal, H. Impact of driver intervention program on DWI recidivism and problem drinking. Washington, DC:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1985.
Siegal, H. A. Rehabilitating the drunk driver: Its evolution from education to intervention. In M. R. Valverius
(Ed.), Punishment and/or treatment for driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs, Proceedings
of the International Workshop, Oct. 19-20 (pp. pp. 65-74). Stockholm, Sweden, 1984.
Siegal, H. A. Intervention: A successful technique for repeat offenders. Report of an evaluation. In P. C. Noordzil
and R. Roszbach (Eds.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (pp. 567-570). Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1987.
Simpson, H. M.; Mayhew, D. R.; and Beirness, D. J. Dealing with the hard core drinking driver. 107 pp. Ottawa,
Canada: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 1996.
Speiglman, R.; Witbrodt, J.; and Many, F. “Mandated A.A. attendance for recidivist drinking drivers: Criminal
justice practices in four California jurisdictions, 1982-1989”, Paper prepared for the 18th Annual Alcohol
Epidemiology Symposium of the Kettil Bruun Society. Toronto, Canada, 1992.
Sprang, G. Victim impact panels: An examination of the effectiveness of this program on lowering recidivism
and changing offenders’ attitudes about drinking and driving. Journal of Social Service Research, 22(3):
73-84, 1997.
Stenzel, W.; Manak, J.; and Murphy, P. An evaluation of a community service sanction for DWI: The Baton Rouge
Community Service Work Program. DOT HS 807 201. Springfield, VA: National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA), 1987.
Tashima, H. N., and Helander, C. J. 1995 annual report of the California DUI Management Information System.
Sacramento, CA: California Department of Motor Vehicles, 1995.
Tauber, J., and Huddleston, C. W. DUI/drug courts: Defining a national strategy. Alexandria, VA: National Drug
Court Institute, 1999.
The George Washington University Medical Center. Primer 4: The active ingredients of effective treatment for
alcohol problems, Ensuring solutions to alcohol problems. Washington, DC: The George Washington
University Medical Center, 2003.
Timken, D. S.; Packard, M. A.; Wells-Parker, E.; and Bogue, B. Rehabilitation of the persistent drinking/drugging
driver, Strategies for dealing with the persistent drinking driver (Vol. 437, pp. 63-67). Washington, DC:
Transportation Research Board, 1995.
Transportation Research Board (TRB). Strategies for dealing with the persistent drinking driver, Transportation
Research Circular 437.Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1995.
United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, S. C. 587 (2001).
Voas, R. B. Evaluation of jail as a penalty for drunken driving. Alcohol, Drugs and Driving: Abstracts and Reviews,
2(2):47-70, 1986.
Voas, R. B., and Tippetts, A. S. The impact of treatment and monitoring on Prince George’s County DWIs. DOT
HS 807 649. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1989 September.
Voas, R. B., and Lacey, J. H. Drunk driving enforcement, adjudication, and sanctions in the United States. In R. J.
Wilson and R. E. Mann (Eds.), Drinking and driving: Advances in research and prevention (pp. 116-158).
New York: The Guilford Press, 1990.
Voas, R. B. Assessment of impoundment and forfeiture laws for drivers convicted of DWI. Phase I report: Review
of state laws and their application. DOT HS 807 870. Washington, DC: Department of Transportation,
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 1992 June.
Voas, R. B., and Tippetts, A. S. Assessment of impoundment and forfeiture laws for drivers convicted of DUI.
Phase II report: Evaluation of Oregon and Washington vehicle plate zebra sticker laws. DOT HS 808-136.
Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1994 April.
Voas, R. B.; Tippetts, A. S.; and Taylor, E. Temporary vehicle immobilization: Evaluation of a program in Ohio.
Accident Analysis and Prevention, 29(5):635-642, 1997.
Voas, R. B. The three Rs for controlling the hardcore drinking driver: MADD’s program for the repeat DWI
offender. The Prevention Pipeline, 12(3):1-6, 1999.
Voas, R. B.; Marques, P. R.; Tippetts, A. S.; and Beirness, D. J. The Alberta Interlock Program: The evaluation
of a province-wide program on DUI recidivism. Addiction, 94(12):1849-1859, 1999.
Voas, R. B.; Tippetts, A. S.; and Fell, J. C. The relationship of alcohol safety laws to drinking drivers in fatal
crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32:483-492, 2000.
Voas, R. B., and DeYoung, D. J. Vehicle action: Effective policy for controlling drunk and other high-risk
drivers? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34(3):263-270, 2002.
Wells-Parker, E.; Anderson, B. J.; Landrum, J. W.; and Snow, R. W. Long-tern effectiveness of probation,
short-term intervention and LAI administration for reducing DUI recidivism. British Journal of Addiction,
83(4):415-421, 1988.
Wells-Parker, E.; Landrum, J. W.; and Topping, J. S. Matching the DWI offender to an effective intervention
strategy: An emerging research agenda. In R. J. Wilson and R. E. Mann (Eds.), Drinking and driving:
Advances in research and prevention (pp. 267-289). New York: The Guilford Press, 1990.
Wells-Parker, E. Mandated treatment: Lessons from research with drinking and driving offenders. Alcohol
Health and Research World, 18(4):302-306, 1994.
Wells-Parker, E.; Bangert-Drowns, R.; McMillen, R.; and Williams, M. Final results from a meta-analysis of
remedial interventions with drink/drive offenders. Addiction, 90(7):907-926, 1995.
Wells-Parker, E., and Williams, M. Identifying and interviewing with drinking drivers in various venues: A
research review. In Mayhew and Dussault (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on
Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, August 4-9, 2002.Montreal, Canada: Société de l’assurance automobile
du Québec, 2002.
Wheeler, G. R., and Hissong, R. V. Effects of criminal sanctions on drunk drivers: Beyond incarceration. Crime
and Delinquency, 34(1):29-42, 1988.
Wieczorek, W. F.; Miller, B. A.; and Nochajski, T. H. The limited utility of BAC for identifying alcohol-related
problems among DWI offenders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(5):415-419, 1992.
Williams, A. F.; Weinberg, K.; and Fields, M. The effectiveness of administrative license suspension laws.
Alcohol, Drugs and Driving, 7(1):55-62, 1991.
Williams, A. F. The effectiveness of legal countermeasures against alcohol-impaired driving. In A. B. Bergman
(Ed.), Political approaches to injury control at the state level (pp. 17-26). Seattle, Washington: University
of Washington Press, 1992.
Wilson, R. J., and Mann, R. E. Drinking and driving: Advances in research and prevention. New York, New York:
Guilford Press, 1990.
Winterfield, L. A., and Hillsman, S. T. The effects of instituting means-based fines in a criminal court: The Staten
Island day-fine experiment. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice, 1991.
Winters, K. Screening and assessing youth for drug involvement. In J. Allen and M. Colombus (Eds.), NIAAA
Handbook on Assessment Instruments for Alcohol Researchers (Second ed.). Rockville, MD: National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2003.
Yu, J., and Williford, W. R. Drunk-driving recidivism: Predicting factors from arrest context and case disposition.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56(1):60-66, 1995.
Zador, P.; Krawchuck, S.; and Moore, B. Drinking and driving trips, stops by police, and arrests: Analyses of the
1995 national survey of drinking and driving attitudes and behavior. DOT HS 809 184. Washington, DC:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 2000, Dec.
Zador, P. L.; Lund, A. K.; Fields, M.; and Weinberg, K. Fatal Crash Involvement and Laws Against Alcohol-Impaired
Driving. Arlington, VA: Institute for Highway Safety, 1988.
Zador, P. L.; Krawchuk, S. A.; and Voas, R. B. Alcohol-related relative risk of driver fatalities and driver involvement
in fatal crashes in relation to driver age and gender: An update using 1996 data. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,
61(3):387-395, 2000.