References

Bien TH, Miller WR, Tonigan JS. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: A review Addiction 1993; 88:315-335.

Diamond I. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse. In: Bennett JC, Plum F, eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co; 1996:47-48.

Fleming MF, Barry KL, Manwell LB, Johnson K, London R. Brief physician advice for problem alcohol drinkers. A randomized controlled trial in community-based primary care practices. JAMA 1997; 277:1039-45.

Gentilello LM, Rivara FP, Donovan DM et al. Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence. Annals of Surgery, October 1999.

Holder HD, Blose JO. The reduction of health care costs associated with alcoholism treatment. J Stud Alcohol 1992; 53:293-302.

Institute of Medicine. Broadening the base of treatment for alcohol problems. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1990.

Maynard A, Godfrey C. Alcohol policy – evaluating the options. Br Med Bull 1994; 50:221-230.

Miller & Rollnick, 1991. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behaviors. Guildord

Morris JA, MacKenzie EJ, Edelstein SL. The effect of pre-existing conditions on mortality in trauma patients. JAMA 1990; 263:1942-1946.

Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Toward a comprehensive model of change. In Miller WR, Heather N, eds. Treating addictive behaviors: Processes of change. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1986; p. 3-27.

Parish DC. Another indication for screening and early intervention: problem drinking. JAMA 1997; 277:1079-80.

Rivara FP, Jurkovich JG, Gurney JG. The magnitude of acute and chronic alcohol abuse in trauma patients. Arch Surg 1993; 128:907-912.

Rivara FP, Gurney J, Ries RK et al. A descriptive study of trauma, alcohol, and alcoholism in young adults. J Adolesc Health 1992; 13:663-7.

Rivara FP, Koepsell TK et al. The effects of alcohol abuse on re-admission for trauma. JAMA 1993; 270:1962-1964.

Soderstrom CA, Cowley RA. A national alcohol and trauma center survey: Missed opportunities: Missed opportunities, failures of responsibility. Arch Surg 1987; 122: 1067.

Sims DW, Bivins BA, Obeid FN et al. Urban trauma: a chronic recurrent disease. J Trauma 1989; 29:940-6.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for alcohol and other drug abuse. In Fisher M (ed): Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of 169 Interventions. Report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1989, pp. 277-286.