A10. Drowsy Driving

Table of Contents

This section provides expanded discussion of the ✩ and ✩✩ countermeasures. Countermeasures that receive ✩ or ✩✩ have NOT been determined to be effective, either because there has been limited or no high-quality evidence (✩) or because effectiveness is still undetermined based on the available evidence (✩✩).

States should use caution in selecting ✩ or ✩✩ countermeasures, since conclusive evidence is not available to demonstrate the effectiveness of these countermeasures. If they decide to use a new or emerging countermeasure that has not yet been studied sufficiently to demonstrate that the countermeasure is effective, they are encouraged to have the countermeasure evaluated in connection with its use.

The ✩ and ✩✩ countermeasures covered in this section of the appendix are listed below.

1. Laws and Enforcement

Countermeasure	Effectiveness	Cost	Use	Time
1.2 General Drowsiness and Distraction Laws	✩	Varies	High††	Short

†† Included under reckless driving; use of explicit drowsiness laws is low

2. Communications and Outreach

Countermeasure	Effectiveness	Cost	Use	Time
2.1 Communications and Outreach on Drowsy Driving	✩	$$	Unknown	Medium

3. Other Countermeasures

Countermeasure	Effectiveness	Cost	Use	Time
3.1 Employer Programs	✩✩	$	Unknown	Short
3.2 Education Regarding Medical Conditions and Medications	✩	Variable	Unknown	Medium

Effectiveness:
✩✩			Effectiveness still undetermined; different methods of implementing this countermeasure produce different results
✩			Limited or no high-quality evaluation evidence

Effectiveness is measured by reductions in crashes or injuries unless noted otherwise. See individual countermeasure descriptions for information on effectiveness size and how effectiveness is measured.
Cost to implement:
$$$	Requires extensive new facilities, staff, equipment, or publicity, or makes heavy demands on current resources
$$	Requires some additional staff time, equipment, facilities, and/or publicity
$	Can be implemented with current staff, perhaps with training; limited costs for equipment or facilities

These estimates do not include the costs of enacting legislation or establishing policies.

Use:
High		More than two-thirds of the States, or a substantial majority of communities
Medium		One-third to two-thirds of States or communities
Low		Less than one-third of the States or communities
Unknown		Data not available

Time to implement:
Long		More than 1 year
Medium		More than 3 months but less than 1 year
Short		3 months or less

These estimates do not include the time required to enact legislation or establish policies.

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