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This section provides expanded discussion of the and ✩✩ countermeasures. Countermeasures that receive or ✩✩ have NOT been determined to be effective, either because there has been limited or no high-quality evidence () or because effectiveness is still undetermined based on the available evidence (✩✩).

States should use caution in selecting or ✩✩ countermeasures, since conclusive evidence is not available to demonstrate the effectiveness of these countermeasures. If they decide to use a new or emerging countermeasure that has not yet been studied sufficiently to demonstrate that the countermeasure is effective, they are encouraged to have the countermeasure evaluated in connection with its use.

The and ✩✩ countermeasures covered in this section of the appendix are listed below.

1. Laws and Enforcement

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

1.2 General Drowsiness and Distraction Laws

Varies

High††

Short

†† Included under reckless driving; use of explicit drowsiness laws is low

 

2. Communications and Outreach

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

2.1 Communications and Outreach on Drowsy Driving

$$

Unknown

Medium

 

3. Other Countermeasures

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

3.1 Employer Programs

✩✩

$

Unknown

Short

3.2 Education Regarding Medical Conditions and Medications

Variable

Unknown

Medium

 

Effectiveness:

✩✩

Effectiveness still undetermined; different methods of implementing this countermeasure produce different results

 

Limited or no high-quality evaluation evidence

 

 

 

Effectiveness is measured by reductions in crashes or injuries unless noted otherwise.

 

See individual countermeasure descriptions for information on effectiveness size and how effectiveness is measured.

 

Cost to implement:

$$$

Requires extensive new facilities, staff, equipment, or publicity, or makes heavy demands on current resources

$$

Requires some additional staff time, equipment, facilities, and/or publicity

$

Can be implemented with current staff, perhaps with training; limited costs for equipment or facilities

 

 

These estimates do not include the costs of enacting legislation or establishing policies.

 

 

Use:

High

More than two-thirds of the States, or a substantial majority of communities

Medium

One-third to two-thirds of States or communities

Low

Less than one-third of the States or communities

Unknown

Data not available

 

 

Time to implement:

Long

More than 1 year

Medium

More than 3 months but less than 1 year

Short

3 months or less

 

 

These estimates do not include the time required to enact legislation or establish policies.