A10. Drowsy Driving
This section provides expanded discussion of the ✩ and ✩✩ countermeasures. Countermeasures that receive ✩ or ✩✩ have NOT been determined to be effective, either because there has been limited or no high-quality evidence (✩) or because effectiveness is still undetermined based on the available evidence (✩✩).
States should use caution in selecting ✩ or ✩✩ countermeasures, since conclusive evidence is not available to demonstrate the effectiveness of these countermeasures. If they decide to use a new or emerging countermeasure that has not yet been studied sufficiently to demonstrate that the countermeasure is effective, they are encouraged to have the countermeasure evaluated in connection with its use.
The ✩ and ✩✩ countermeasures covered in this section of the appendix are listed below.
1. Laws and Enforcement
Countermeasure |
Effectiveness |
Cost |
Use |
Time |
1.2 General Drowsiness and Distraction Laws |
✩ |
Varies |
High†† |
Short |
†† Included under reckless driving; use of explicit drowsiness laws is low
2. Communications and Outreach
Countermeasure |
Effectiveness |
Cost |
Use |
Time |
2.1 Communications and Outreach on Drowsy Driving |
✩ |
$$ |
Unknown |
Medium |
3. Other Countermeasures
Countermeasure |
Effectiveness |
Cost |
Use |
Time |
3.1 Employer Programs |
✩✩ |
$ |
Unknown |
Short |
3.2 Education Regarding Medical Conditions and Medications |
✩ |
Variable |
Unknown |
Medium |
Effectiveness: |
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✩✩ |
Effectiveness still undetermined; different methods of implementing this countermeasure produce different results |
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✩ |
Limited or no high-quality evaluation evidence |
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Effectiveness is measured by reductions in crashes or injuries unless noted otherwise.
See individual countermeasure descriptions for information on effectiveness size and how effectiveness is measured.
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Cost to implement: |
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$$$ |
Requires extensive new facilities, staff, equipment, or publicity, or makes heavy demands on current resources |
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$$ |
Requires some additional staff time, equipment, facilities, and/or publicity |
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$ |
Can be implemented with current staff, perhaps with training; limited costs for equipment or facilities |
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These estimates do not include the costs of enacting legislation or establishing policies. |
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Use: |
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High |
More than two-thirds of the States, or a substantial majority of communities |
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Medium |
One-third to two-thirds of States or communities |
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Low |
Less than one-third of the States or communities |
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Unknown |
Data not available |
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Time to implement: |
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Long |
More than 1 year |
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Medium |
More than 3 months but less than 1 year |
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Short |
3 months or less |
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These estimates do not include the time required to enact legislation or establish policies. |