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This section provides expanded discussion of the and ✩✩ countermeasures. Countermeasures that receive or ✩✩ have NOT been determined to be effective, either because there has been limited or no high-quality evidence () or because effectiveness is still undetermined based on the available evidence (✩✩).

States should use caution in selecting or ✩✩ countermeasures, since conclusive evidence is not available to demonstrate the effectiveness of these countermeasures. If they decide to use a new or emerging countermeasure that has not yet been studied sufficiently to demonstrate that the countermeasure is effective, they are encouraged to have the countermeasure evaluated in connection with its use.

The and ✩✩ countermeasures covered in this section of the appendix are listed below.

 

1. Children    

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

1.3 Bicycle Safety Education for Children

✩✩

$

Unknown

Short

1.4 Cycling Skills Clinics, Bike Fairs, Bike Rodeos

$

Unknown

Short

 

2. Adults

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

2.2 Bicycle Safety Education for Adult Cyclists

$$

Low

Medium

 

3. All Bicyclists

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

3.2 Promote Bicycle Helmet Use with Education

✩✩

$$$

Medium

Medium

3.3 Enforcement Strategies

$$

Unknown

Varies

3.4 Motorist Passing Bicyclist Laws

$

Medium

Short

 

4. Drivers and Bicyclists

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

4.1 Driver Training

$

Low

Medium

4.2 Share the Road Awareness Programs

✩✩

$$

Unknown

Medium

 

Effectiveness:

✩✩

Effectiveness still undetermined; different methods of implementing this countermeasure produce different results

 

Limited or no high-quality evaluation evidence

 

 

 

Effectiveness is measured by reductions in crashes or injuries unless noted otherwise.

 

See individual countermeasure descriptions for information on effectiveness size and how effectiveness is measured.

 

Cost to implement:

$$$

Requires extensive new facilities, staff, equipment, or publicity, or makes heavy demands on current resources

$$

Requires some additional staff time, equipment, facilities, and/or publicity

$

Can be implemented with current staff, perhaps with training; limited costs for equipment or facilities

 

 

These estimates do not include the costs of enacting legislation or establishing policies.

 

 

Use:

High

More than two-thirds of the States, or a substantial majority of communities

Medium

One-third to two-thirds of States or communities

Low

Less than one-third of the States or communities

Unknown

Data not available

 

 

Time to implement:

Long

More than 1 year

Medium

More than 3 months but less than 1 year

Short

3 months or less

 

 

These estimates do not include the time required to enact legislation or establish policies.