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Active Living Research. (2015). Research review: Impact of safe routes to school programs on walking and biking. www.activelivingresearch.org/sites/default/files/ALR_Review_SRTS_May2015.pdf

Albert, R. R, & Dolgin, K. G. (2010). Lasting effects of short-term training on preschoolers' street-crossing behavior. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 500-508.

Alliance for Biking and Walking (2014). Biking and walking in the United States: 2014 benchmarking report. https://bikeleague.org/sites/default/files/2014BenchmarkingReport.pdf

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2010). Highway safety manual, 1st Ed. www.fpp.uni-lj.si/mma/HSM.pdf/2019060611143076/?m=1559812470

Anderson, C. L., Vaca, F. E., & Chakravarthy, B. (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in pedestrian injuries. Injury Prevention, 16, A259.

Arbogast, H., Burke, R. V., Muller, V., Ruiz, P., Knudson, M. M., & Upperman, J. S. (2014). Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a video game as a child pedestrian educational tool. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 76, 1317-1321.

Barton, B. K., & Schwebel, D. C. (2007). The influences of demographics and individual differences on children’s selection of risky pedestrian routes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 343-53.

Barton, B. K., Schwebel, D. C., & Morrongiello, B. A. (2007). Brief report: Increasing children's safe pedestrian behaviors through simple skills training. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 475-80.

Bertulis, T. & Dulaski, D. M. (2014). Driver approach speed and its impact on driver yielding to pedestrian behavior at unsignalized crosswalks. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2464, 46-51.

Bhatia, R., & Wier, M. (2011). “Safety in Numbers” re-examined: Can we make valid or practical inferences from available evidence? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43, 235-240.

Blomberg, R. D., & Cleven, A. M. (1998, February). Development, implementation, and evaluation of a pedestrian safety zone for elderly pedestrians (Report No. DOT HS 808 692). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://ntlrepository.blob.core.windows.net/lib/25000/25900/25984/DOT-HS-808-692.pdf

Blomberg, R. D., & Cleven, A. M. (2000, July). Development, implementation, and evaluation of a countermeasure program for alcohol-involved pedestrian crashes (Report No. DOT HS 809 067). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1634

Blomberg, R. D., & Cleven, A. M. (2006, August). Pilot test of “Heed the Speed,” a program to reduce speeds in residential neighborhoods (Report No. DOT HS 810 648). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1796

Blomberg, R. D., Cleven, A. M., Thomas, D., & Peck, R. C. (2008, August). Evaluation of the safety benefits of legacy safe routes to school programs (Report No. DOT HS 811 013). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1850

Blomberg, R. D., Thomas, F. D., & Marziani, B. J. (2012, July). Demonstration and evaluation of the Heed the Speed safety program (Report No. DOT HS 811 515). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1917

Britt, J. W., Bergman, A. B., & Moffat, J. (1995). Law enforcement, pedestrian safety, and driver compliance with crosswalk laws: Evaluation of a four-year campaign in Seattle. Transportation Research Record, 1485, 160-167.

Brookshire, K., Sandt, L., Sundstrom, C., Thomas, L., & Blomberg, R. (2016, April). Advancing pedestrian and bicyclist safety: A primer for highway safety professionals (Report No. DOT HS 812 258). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1982

Bruce, B., & McGrath, P. (2005). Group interventions for the prevention of injuries in young children: A systematic review. Injury Prevention, 11, 143-147.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Vital signs: Walking among adults — United States, 2005 and 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61, 595-601.

CDC. (2017). Status report for Step It Up! The surgeon general’s call to action to promote walking and walkable communities. www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/walking/call-to-action/pdf/status-report.pdf

CDC. (2019). Walking school buses. CHI database.

Chakravarthy, B., Anderson, C. L., Ludlow, J., Lotfipour, S., & Vaca, F. E. (2012). A geographic analysis of collisions involving child pedestrians in a large Southern California county. Traffic Injury Prevention, 13, 193-198.

Chen, C., Lin, H., & Loo, B. P. Y. (2012). Exploring the impacts of safety culture on immigrants’ vulnerability in non-motorized crashes: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Urban Health, 89, 138-152.

Coffin, A., & Morrall, J. (1995). Walking speeds of elderly pedestrians at crosswalks. Transportation Research Record, (1487), 63-67.

Congiu, M., Whelan, M., Oxley, J., Charlton, J., D'Elia, A., & Muir, C. (2008). Child pedestrians: Factors associated with ability to cross roads safely and development of a training package (Report 283). Monash University Accident Research Centre. www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/216969/Child-Pedestrians-Factors-associated-with-ability-to-cross-roads-safely-and-development-of-a-training-package.pdf

Cottrill, C. D., & Thakuriah, P. (2010). Evaluating pedestrian crashes in areas with high low- income or minority populations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 1718-1728.

Deb, S., Strawderman, L., Carruth, D. W., DuBien, J., Smith, B., & Garrison, T. M. (2017). Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess pedestrian receptivity toward fully autonomous vehicles. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies84, 178-195.

Decker, S., Otte, D., Cruz, D. L., Müller, C. W., Omar, M., Krettek, C., & Brand, S. (2016). Injury severity of pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists resulting from crashes with reversing cars. Accident Analysis & Prevention94, 46-51.

DiMaggio, C., Frangos, S., & Li, G. (2016). National Safe Routes to School program and risk of school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injury. Annals of Epidemiology, 26(6), 412-417.

DiMaggio, C. & Li, G. (2013). Effectiveness of a safe routes to school program in preventing school-aged pedestrian injury. Pediatrics, 131, 290-296.

Dommes, A., Cavallo, V., Vienne, F., & Aillerie, I. (2012). Age-related differences in street-crossing safety before and after training of older pedestrians. Accident Analysis & Prevention44(1), 42-47.

Dragutinovic, N. & Twisk, D. (2006). The effectiveness of road safety education: A literature review. SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research. www.swov.nl/rapport/r-2006-06.pdf

Dunckel, J., Haynes, W., Conklin, J., Sharp, S., & Cohen, A. (2014). Pedestrian Safety Initiative in Montgomery County, Maryland: Data-Driven Approach to Coordinating Engineering, Education, and Enforcement. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2464, 100-108.

Eichelberger, A. H., McCartt, A. T., & Cicchino, J. B. (2018). Fatally injured pedestrians and bicyclists in the United States with high blood alcohol concentrations. Journal of Safety Research65, 1-9.

Elvik, R., & Bjørnskau, T. (2017). Safety-in-numbers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence. Safety Science92, 274-282.

Elvik, R., & Goel, R. (2019). Safety-in-numbers: An updated meta-analysis of estimates. Accident Analysis & Prevention129, 136-147.

Federal Highway Administration. (2010). Review – Public policies for pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility: An implementation project of the pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility international Scan (Report No. FHWA-PL-10-028). www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/PBSPolicyReview.pdf

Fekety, D. K., Edewaard, D. E., Stafford Sewall, A. A., & Tyrrell, R. A. (2016). Electroluminescent materials can further enhance the nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians wearing retroreflective materials. Human Factors58(7), 976-985.

Fischer, E. L., Rousseau, G. K., Turner, S. M., Blais, E. J., Engelhart, C. L., Henderson, D. R., Kaplan, J. A., Keller, V. M., Mackay, J. D., Tobias, P. A., Wigle, D. E., & Zegeer, C. V. (2010). Pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility in Europe (Report No. FHWA-PL-10-010). Federal Highway Administration. www.bv.transports.gouv.qc.ca/mono/1023711.pdf

Fredriksson, R., Shin, J., & Untaroiu, C. D. (2011). Potential of pedestrian protection systems - A parameter study using finite element models of pedestrian dummy and generic passenger vehicles. Traffic Injury Prevention, 12, 398-411.

Garay-Vega, L., Pollard, J. K., Guthy, C., & Hastings, A. (2011). Auditory detectability of hybrid electric vehicles by blind pedestrians. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2248, 68-73.

Gårder, P. E. (2004). The impact of speed and other variables on pedestrian safety in Maine. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36, 533-542.

Gates, T. J., Savolainen, P. T., Datta, T. K., & Buck, N. (2010). Effect of pedestrian safety retraining for elementary and middle school students. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2198, 145-151.

Geyer, J., Raford, N., Ragland, D., & Pham, T. (2006). The continuing debate about safety in numbers—Data from Oakland, CA. Safe Transportation Research & Education Center. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5498x882

Gonzales, E. J. (2017, January 8-12). Evaluation of a pedestrian safety outreach campaign in New Jersey using surrogate safety measures (No. 17-03647). Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Greene, D., Liu, J., Reich, J., Hirokawa, Y., Shinagawa, A, Ito, H., & Mikami, T. (2011). An efficient computational architecture for a collision early-warning system for vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists. Intelligent Transportation Systems, 12, 942-953.

Gregersen, N. P., & Nolen S. (1994). Children's road safety and the strategy of voluntary traffic safety clubs. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 26, 463-470.

Hammond, J., Cherrett, T., & Waterson, B. (2014). The development of child pedestrian training in the United Kingdom 2002 – 2011: A national survey of local authorities. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 6, 117-129.

Hatfield, J., & Murphy, S. (2007) The effects of mobile phone use on pedestrian crossing behaviour at signalised and unsignalised intersections. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39, 197-205.

Holland, C., & Hill, R. (2010). Gender differences in factors predicting unsafe crossing decisions in adult pedestrians across the lifespan: a simulation study. Accident Analysis & Prevention42(4), 1097-1106.

Hotz, G., Cohn, S., Castelblanco, A., Colston, S., Thomas, M., Weiss, A., Nelson, J., & Duncan, R. (2004). WalkSafe: A school-based pedestrian safety intervention program. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5, 382-389.

Hotz, G., Garces de Marcilla, A., Lutfi, K., Kennedy, A., Castellon, P., & Duncan, R. (2009). The WalkSafe program: Developing and evaluating the educational component. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 66, S3 – S9.

Howard, E., Mooren, L., Nilsson, G., Quimby, A., & Vadeby, A. (2008). Speed management: Road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. Global Road Safety Partnership and the World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43915/1/9782940395040_eng.pdf

Hu, W., & Cicchino, J. B. (2020). Lowering the speed limit from 30 to 25 mph in Boston: Effects on vehicle speeds. Injury Prevention, 26, 99-102.

Hunter, W. H., Stutts, J. C., Pein, W. E., & Cox, C. L. (1996). Pedestrian and bicycle crash types of the early 1990’s (Report No. FHWA-RD-95-163). Federal Highway Administration. www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/PedBikeCrashTypes.pdf

Hunter, W. W., Thomas, L. J., & Stewart, J. R. (2001). Kill your speed: An evaluation of a rural speed enforcement program. UNC Highway Safety Research Center.

Jacobsen, P. L. (2003). Safety in numbers: More walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Injury Prevention 9, 205-209. (See also Correction, Injury Prevention (2004), 10, 127.)

Jacobsen, P. L., Ragland, D. R., & Komanoff, C. (2015). Safety in numbers for walkers and bicyclists: Exploring the mechanisms. Injury Prevention21(4), 217-220.

Janstrup, K. H., Kaplan, S., Hels, T., Lauritsen, J., & Prato, C. G. (2016). Understanding traffic crash under-reporting: Linking police and medical records to individual and crash characteristics. Traffic Injury Prevention17(6), 580-584.

Johnston, B. D., Mendoza, J., Rafton, S., Gonzalez-Walker, D., & Levinger, D. (2006). Promoting physical activity and reducing child pedestrian risk: Early evaluation of a walking school bus program in central Seattle. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery60(6), 1388-1389.

Karsch, H. M., Hedlund, J. H., Tison, J., & Leaf, W. A. (2012, June). Review of studies on pedestrian and bicyclist safety, 1991-2007 (Report No. DOT HS 811 614). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/811614.pdf

Kim, E., Muennig, P., & Rosen, Z. (2017). Vision Zero: A toolkit for road safety in the modern era. Injury Epidemiology4(1), 1.

Koo, H. S., & Huang, X. (2015). Visibility aid cycling clothing: flashing light-emitting diode (FLED) configurations. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology27(3), 460-471. doi 10.1108/IJCST-09-2014-0104

Kravetz, D., & Noland, R. B. (2012). A spatial analysis of income disparities in pedestrian safety in northern New Jersey: Is there an environmental justice issue? TRB 91st Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers DVD. Transportation Research Board.

Leaf, W.A., & Preusser, D.F. (1999, October). Literature review on vehicle travel speeds and pedestrian injuries (Report No. DOT HS 809 021). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/pub/HS809012.html

Leden, L., Garder, P., & Pulkkinen, U., (2000). An expert judgment model applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 32, 589-599.

Lin, P. S., Kourtellis, A., Zhang, Y., Guo, R., & Bialkowska-Jelinska, E. (2017). Application of demographic analysis to pedestrian safety. https://trid.trb.org/view/1468235

Livingston, D. H., Suber, I., Snyder, D., Clancy, S. F., Passannante, M. R. & Lavery, R. F. (2011). Annual pediatric pedestrian education does not improve pedestrian behavior. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care, 71, 1120-1125.

McArthur, A., Savolainen, P., & Gates, T. (2014). Spatial analysis of child pedestrian and bicycle crashes: Development of safety performance function for areas adjacent to schools. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2465, 57-63.

McDonald, N. C., Steiner, R. L., Lee, C., Rhoulac Smith, T., Zhu, X., & Yang, Y. (2014). Impact of the safe routes to school program on walking and bicycling. Journal of the American Planning Association80(2), 153-167. doi: 10.1080/01944363.2014.956654.

McGuckin, N., & Fucci, A. (2018). Summary of travel trends: 2017 National Household Travel Survey. Federal Highways Administration. https://nhts.ornl.gov/assets/2017_nhts_summary_travel_trends.pdf

Mendoza, J. A., Watson, K., Chen, T-A., Baranowski, T., Nicklas, T. A., Uscanga, D. K., & Hanfling, M. J. (2012). Impact of a pilot walking school bus intervention on children's pedestrian safety behaviors: A pilot study. Health & Place, 18, 24-30.

Millard-Ball, A. (2018). Pedestrians, autonomous vehicles, and cities. Journal of Planning Education and Research38(1), 6-12.

Moening, Lieberman, & Zimmerman. (2016). How to start a walking school bus at your school. Safe Routes to School National Partnership. www.saferoutespartnership.org/sites/default/files/resource_files/step-by-step-walking-school-bus-2017.pdf

Muennig, P. A., Epstein, M., Li, G., & DiMaggio, C. (2014). The cost-effectiveness of New York City’s Safe Routes to School program. American Journal of Public Health, 104(7), 1294-1299.

Murtha, T. (2005). Pedestrian and bicycle safety data in Northeastern Illinois. Presentation to Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals, October 2005.

Nasar, J., Hecht, P., & Wener, R. (2008). Mobile telephones, distracted attention, and pedestrian safety. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40, 69–75.

National Center for Safe Routes to School. (2016). Trends in walking and bicycling to school from 2007-2014. www.pedbikeinfo.org/pdf/SRTSlocal_Trends2007-2012.pdf

NCSRTS & Federal Highway Administration. (2015). Creating healthier generations: A look at 10 years of the Federal Safe Routes to School program. Chapel Hill, NC.

NCSRTS & FHWA. (2016). Advancing safe walking and bicycling for youth: Approaches from the Federal Safe Routes to School Program that support broad safety benefits for youth. www.pedbikeinfo.org/pdf/SRTSfederal_AdvancingSafeWalkingandBiking.pdf

National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2020, March). Pedestrians: 2018 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 580). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812850

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1998, July). Zone guide for pedestrian safety (Report No. DOT HS 808 742). https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/PED_BIKE/docs/zoneguide.pdf

NHTSA. (2009-2018). Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) [Custom data set analysis]. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

NHTSA. (2014, November). Pedestrian safety enforcement operations: A how-to guide. https://nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/812059-pedestriansafetyenforceoperahowtoguide.pdf

NHTSA. (2018). Crash Report Sampling System (CRSS) [Custom data set analysis]. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

NHTSA. (2020). Pedestrians killed – by related factors – State: USA, year: 2018 [Table 100]. https://cdan.nhtsa.gov/tsftables/tsfar.htm#

National Physical Activity Plan Alliance. (2017). The 2017 United States report card on walking and walkable communities. http://physicalactivityplan.org/projects/walking/Walking-report-card-FINAL.pdf

Nesoff, E. D., Milam, A. J., Branas, C. C., Martins, S. S., Knowlton, A. R., & Furr‐Holden, D. M. (2018). Alcohol outlets, neighborhood retail environments, and pedestrian injury risk. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research42(10), 1979-1987.

Nikitas, A., Wang, J. Y., & Knamiller, C. (2019). Exploring parental perceptions about school travel and walking school buses: A thematic analysis approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice124, 468-487.

Ortiz, N. C., Ramnarayan, M., & Mizenko, K. (2017). Distraction and road user behavior: an observational pilot study across intersections in Washington, DC. Journal of Transport & Health7, 13-22.

PedNet Coalition. (2019). PedNet Coalition’s experience with walking school buses. www.countyhealthrankings.org/communities-in-action/pednet-coalition%E2%80%99s-experience-with-walking-school-buses

Percer, J. (2009, September). Child pedestrian safety education: Applying learning and developmental theories to develop safe street crossing behaviors (Report No. DOT HS 811 190). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/40199

Pérez-Martín, P., Pedrós, G., Martínez-Jiménez, P., & Varo-Martínez, M. (2018). Evaluation of a walking school bus service as an intervention for a modal shift at a primary school in Spain. Transport Policy64, 1-9.

Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Merom, D., & Bauman, A. (2011). Walking and cycling in the United States, 2001-2009: Evidence from the NHTS. American Journal of Public Health, 101, S310- S317.

Redmon, T. (2011). Pedestrian countermeasure policy best practice report: FHWA safety program. Federal Highway Administration. www.safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/tools_solve/fhwasa11017/fhwasa11017.pdf

Retting, R. A., Ferguson, S. A, & McCartt, A T. (2003). A review of evidence-based traffic engineering measures designed to reduce pedestrian–motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1456–1463.

Robey, T., Perez, B. O., Jain, R., Dey, S. S., Thweatt, D., & Koch, D. (2018). Meet me at the crosswalk on the way to school: A Data, driven analysis on school crossing guard deployment and program effectiveness in Washington, DC (No. 18-03513). Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting. https://trid.trb.org/view/1495830

Rosén, E., & Sander, U. (2009). Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accident Analysis & Prevention41(3), 536-542.

Sandt, L., LaJeunesse, S., Cohn, J., Pullen-Seufert, N., & Gallagher, J. (2015). Watch for Me NC: Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety, Education, and Enforcement Campaign: 2014 Program Summary (No. NCDOT Contract# 2014‐45).

Sandt, L., Gallagher, J., & Gelinne, D. (2016, June). Advancing pedestrian safety using education and enforcement efforts in pedestrian focus cities and States: North Carolina (Report No. DOT HS 812 286). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812286-PromotingPedSafetyEdu-NC.pdf

Sandt, L., Thomas, L., Langford, K., & Nabors, D. (2015). A resident’s guide for creating safer communities for walking and biking (Report No. FHWA-SA-14-099). Federal Highway Administration. http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/PED_BIKE/ped_cmnity/­ped_walkguide/index.cfm

Santos, A., McGuckin, N., Nakamoto, H. Y., Gray, D., & Liss, S. (2011). Summary of travel trends: 2009 National Household Travel Survey (Report No. FHWA-PL-11-011). Federal Highway Administration. http://nhts.ornl.gov/2009/pub/stt.pdf

Savolainen, P. T., Gates, T. J., & Datta, T. K. (2011). Implementation of targeted pedestrian traffic enforcement programs in an urban environment. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2265, 137-145.

Schneider, R. J., & Stefanich, J. (2016). Application of the location–movement classification method for pedestrian and bicycle crash typing. Transportation Research Record, 2601(1), 72–83.

Schwebel, D. C., McClure, L. A., & Severson, J. (2014). Teaching children to cross streets safely: A randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychology, 33, 628-638.

Schwebel, D. C., Shen, J., & McClure, L. A. (2016). How do children learn to cross the street? The process of pedestrian safety training. Traffic Injury Prevention, 17(6), 573-579.

Sciortino, S., Vassar, M., Radetsky, M., & Knudson, M. M. (2005). San Francisco pedestrian injury surveillance: Mapping, under-reporting, and injury severity in police and hospital records. Accident Analysis & Prevention37(6), 1102-1113.

Scopatz, R. A. & Zhou, Y. (2016, April). Effect of electronic device use on pedestrian safety: A literature review (Report No. DOT HS 812 256). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1984

Searson, D. J., & Anderson, R. W. (2011). The global technical regulation on pedestrian safety: Likely effects on vehicle design. Presentation at the Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, Perth, Australia. http://acrs.org.au/files/arsrpe/The%20Global%20Technical%20Regulation%20on%20pedestrian%20safety%20Likely%20effects.pdf

Shay, E., Khattak, A. J., & Wali, B. (2018). Walkability in the connected and automated vehicle era: A US perspective on research needs. Transportation Research Record2672(35), 118-128.

Stavrinos, D., Byington, K. W., & Schwebel, D. C. (2009). Effect of cell phone distraction on pediatric pedestrian injury risk. Pediatrics, 123, e179-e185.

Stavrinos, D., Byington, K. W., & Schwebel, D. C. (2011). Distracted walking: Cell phones increase injury risk for college pedestrians. Journal of Safety Research, 42, 101–107.

Stutts, J, C., & Hunter, W. W. (1999a). Injuries to pedestrians and bicyclists: An analysis based on hospital emergency department data. Federal Highway Administration. www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/pedbike/99078/

Stutts, J. C. & Hunter, W. W. (1999b). Motor vehicle and roadway factors in pedestrian and bicyclist injuries: An examination based on emergency department data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 31, 505-514.

Tefft, B.C. (2011). Impact speed and a pedestrian’s risk of severe injury or death. AAA Foundation. https://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2011PedestrianRiskVsSpeedReport.pdf

Thomas, F. D., Blomberg, R. D., & Korbelak, K. T. (2017). Evaluation of North Carolina adaptation of NHTSA’s Child Pedestrian Safety Curriculum. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2661, 69–75. https://trid.trb.org/view/1437593

Thomas, L. & Levitt, D. (2014). North Carolina pedestrian crash types, 2008-2012. UNC Highway Safety Research Center. www.pedbikeinfo.org/pbcat_nc/pdf/summary_ped_types08-12.pdf

Thompson, L. L., Rivara, F. P., Ayyagari, R. C., & Ebel, B. E. (2013). Impact of social and technological distraction on pedestrian crossing behaviour: An observational study. Injury Prevention, 19, 232-237.

Tolmie, A., Thomson, J. A., Foot, H. C., Whelan, K., Morrison, S., & McLaren, B. (2005). The effects of adult guidance and peer discussion on the development of children’s representations: Evidence from the training of pedestrian skills. British Journal of Psychology, 96, 181-204.

Turner, L., Chriqui, J. F., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2013). Walking school bus programs in US public elementary schools. Journal of Physical Activity and Health10(5), 641-645.

Tyrrell, R. A., Wood, J. M., Chaparro, A., Carberry, T. P., Chub, B-S., & Marszalek, R. P. (2009). Seeing pedestrians at night: Visual clutter does not mask biological motion. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41, 506-512.

Tyrrell, R. A., Wood, J. M., Owens, D. A., Whetsel Borzendowski, S., & Stafford Sewall, A. (2016). The conspicuity of pedestrians at night: A review. Clinical and Experimental Optometry99(5), 425-434.

U.S. Department of Transportation. (2014). Safer people, safer streets: Summary of U.S. Department of Transportation action plan to increase walking and biking and reduce pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities. www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/safer_people_safer_streets_summary_doc_acc_v1-11-9.pdf

Ussery, E. N., Carlson, S. A., Whitfield, G. P., Watson, K. B., Berrigan, D., & Fulton, J. E. (2017). Walking for transportation or leisure among U.S. women and men — National Health Interview Survey, 2005–2015. MMWR Morbity Mortality Weekly Report, 66, 657–662. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6625a1

Van Houten, R., & Malenfant, J. E. L. (2004). Effects of a driver enforcement program on yielding to pedestrians. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37, 351-363.

Van Houten, R., Malenfant, L., Blomberg, R. D., Huitema, B. E., & Casella, S. (2013, August). High-visibility enforcement on driver compliance with pedestrian right-of-way law (Report No. DOT HS 811 786). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811786.pdf

Van Houten, R., Malenfant, L., Blomberg, R. D., & Huitema, B. E. (2017, January). The effect of high-visibility enforcement on driver compliance with pedestrian right-of-way laws: 4-year follow-up (Report No. DOT HS 812 364). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1972

Van Houten, R., Malenfant, L., Huitema, B., & Blomberg, R. (2013). Effects of high-visibility enforcement on driver compliance with pedestrian yield right-of-way laws. Transportation Research Record, 2393, 41-49.

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