ID: 08-003274drn driver alarm

ID: aiam3805

Dear Mr. van Drie: This responds to your letter to Mr. Kratzke of my staff, asking abou the applicability of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 302, *Flammability of interior materials* (49 CFR S571.302). Specifically, you wish to know whether car mats and car seat covers sold not to car manufacturers, but to retailers and wholesalers must comply with the performance requirements of Standard No. 302. The mats and seat covers are required to comply with those requirements only if they will be installed by a manufacturer, dealer, distributor, or repair shop. However, there are possible product liability consequences which could result if the mats and seat covers do not meet the flammability requirements and burn in a vehicle under circumstances where complying mats and seat covers would not have burned.; Section S4.1 of Standard No. 302 specifies the components of a vehicl which must meet the flammability requirements of section S4.3. Included among the components listed in S4.1 are seat cushions, seat backs, head restraints, and floor coverings. These components would cover items like seat covers and floor mats. Hence, any seat covers or mats installed as original equipment in new vehicles would have to comply with the flammability requirements of Standard No. 302. However, section S3 of the standard specifies that the standard applies to new vehicles and not to individual components. The effect of section S3 is that the flammability requirements of Standard No. 302 are not directly applicable to the individual components like seat covers and floor mats that are sold as items of aftermarket equipment.; Section 108(a)(2)(A) of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safet Act, as amended (hereinafter 'the act', 15 U.S.C. 1397(a)(2)(A)) provides: 'No manufacturer, distributor, dealer or motor vehicle repair business shall knowingly render inoperative... any device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment in compliance with an applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standard,...' This agency would interpret the installation of seat covers and car mats which do not meet the requirements of Standard No. 302 in a vehicle as rendering inoperative an element of design (flammability resistance) installed in a motor vehicle in compliance with an applicable Federal safety standard (Standard No. 302), and therefore that installation would violate section 108(a)(2)(A) of the Act. Section 109 of the Act specifies a potential civil penalty of $1000 for each violation of section 108.; While this language precludes manufacturers, dealers, distributors, an repair shops from installing seat covers or floor mats which do not comply with the flammability requirements of Standard No. 302 in a motor vehicle, it does not prohibit consumers from installing such items in their vehicles. Hence, if the manufacturer of noncomplying seat covers and floor mats intends that they only be installed by purchasers, no violation of Federal law or regulation would be involved.; However, if the seat covers or floor mats were to catch fire in situation where a seat cover or floor mat complying with Standard No. 302 would not have caught fire, there would be possible liability consequences under State and common law. You may wish to consult a private attorney for further advice in this regard.; Should you have any further questions or need further information i this area, please feel free to contact Mr. Kratzke at this address or by telephone at (202) 426-2992.; Sincerely, Frank Berndt, Chief Counsel

ID: aiam4508

"Dear Mr. Madison: This responds to your March 31, 1988, letter askin for our interpretation of Safety Standard No. 207, Seating Systems, as it applies to a seat installed in a multipurpose passenger vehicle and equipped with a safety belt. You attached a sketch of your seat and asked whether the safety belt assembly is considered to be attached to the seat. You asked this question in order to determine whether the seat would be subject to the specified forces of paragraph S4.2(c) of the standard. The answer is that NHTSA considers the assembly to be attached to the seat. By way of background information, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) does not grant approval of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment. Under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer to ensure that its vehicles or equipment comply with applicable requirements. The following represents our opinion based on our understanding of the facts provided in your letter. In this regard, I want to note that rendering an opinion in this case was complicated by the fact that your sketch does not show the seat structure and its interrelationship with the vehicle structure and belt anchorage. In your letter, you refer to a vehicle having a 'Belt Attachment Frame' made from steel members attached to the vehicle's structure. You said that, '(r)esting on the Belt Attachment Frame is a plywood deck . . . The seat cushion rests on but is not otherwise attached to the deck. The seat belt attachments pass through the deck and are secured to the Belt Attachment Frame. Other portions of the seat or its supporting structure might rest on and contact the Belt Attachment Frame and might extend to or beyond it. However, except for the deck, no part of the seat or its structural members would be attached to the Belt Attachment Frame.' (Emphasis added.) The answer to your question depends on whether the Belt Attachment Frame is considered part of the seat. Based on the information you provide, we conclude that the Belt Attachment Frame is part of the seat itself. According to your letter, the deck for the seat cushion is attached to and supported by the Belt Attachment Frame, it appears that the Belt Attachment Frame is a necessary and functional part of the seat structure. Since we interpret the Belt Attachment Frame to be a part of the seat, and since the seat belt assembly loads will be transferred to the Frame in the event of a crash, we consider the seat belt assembly to be attached to the seat, for purposes of testing the seat under S4.2(c) of Standard No. 207. Please contact my office if you have further questions. Sincerely, Erika Z. Jones Chief Counsel";

ID: aiam5212

"Dear Mr. O'Neill: This responds to your letter asking about th Federal requirements that would apply to a plastic toy holder you wish to manufacture for child car seats. You indicate on a sketch provided with your letter that the toy holder would fit into a mounting bracket that is attached by screws to the car seat. By way of background information, the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act ('Safety Act,' 15 U.S.C. 1392) authorizes NHTSA to issue safety standards for new motor vehicles and new items of motor vehicle equipment. NHTSA does not, however, approve or certify any vehicles or items of equipment. Instead, the Safety Act establishes a 'self-certification' process under which each manufacturer is responsible for certifying that its products meet all applicable safety standards. The agency periodically tests vehicles and items of equipment for compliance with the standards. Under the authority of the Safety Act, NHTSA issued Standard 213, Child Restraint Systems, which specifies requirements for new child seats used in motor vehicles and aircraft. A new child seat that is sold with your toy holder attached to must be certified by the seat manufacturer as meeting Standard 213. NHTSA would determine the compliance of the new child seat with Standard 213 by, among other things, testing it with a test dummy in a 30 mph dynamic test. Based on the information in your letter, it appears that a new child seat with your toy holder might not meet Standard 213. S5.2.2.2 of the standard specifies, among other things, that each child seat must not have any fixed or movable surface (other than restraining devices) in front of the test dummy restrained in the child seat. This requirement is to prevent items that could injure a child in a crash from being installed where they could be impacted by a child. While your sketch is unclear, it appears that the toy holder could be located in front of the dummy. If so, the toy holder could be impacted by a child in a crash. Also, a new child seat with the toy holder attached to it might not comply with S5.2.4 of Standard 213. S5.2.4 requires any rigid part of the child seat that can be contacted by the head or torso of the dummy in the dynamic test to have a height of not more than 3/8 inch above any adjacent surface, and have no exposed edge with a radius of less than 1/4 inch. A restrained dummy could impact a toy holder attached to the side of the child seat if the dummy twisted during the dynamic test. If your product will be sold to consumers as an aftermarket item, Standard 213 does not apply to it, since the standard only applies to new child seats and not to accessory items. There is no Federal motor vehicle safety standard that applies to the toy holder. I note, however, that there are other Federal requirements that indirectly affect the manufacture and sale of your product. Under the Safety Act, your product is considered to be an item of motor vehicle equipment. Manufacturers of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment are subject to the defect provisions of the Safety Act. In the event that you or NHTSA determines that your toy holder contains a safety-related defect, you would be responsible for notifying purchasers of the defective equipment and remedying the problem free of charge. If data indicated that a child seat accessory exposed occupants to an unreasonable risk of injury, such as a toy holder installed where it was impacted by children, the agency might conduct a defect investigation which could lead to a safety recall. Manufacturers, distributors, dealers, and motor vehicle repair businesses are subject to 108(a)(2)(A) of the Safety Act, which states: 'No manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or motor vehicle repair business shall knowingly render inoperative ... any device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment in compliance with an applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standard ....' It appears unlikely that your product would be attached to a child seat by persons in the aforementioned categories. However, if such a person were to attach the toy holder, he or she could violate 108(a)(2)(A) if the child seat's compliance with S5.2.2.2 and S5.2.4 were compromised. Section 109 of the Safety Act specifies a civil penalty of up to $1,000 for each violation of 108. The 'render inoperative' prohibition of 108(a)(2)(A) does not apply to the actions of vehicle owners in adding to or otherwise modifying their vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment. Thus, child seat owners could attach the toy holder without having to meet Standard 213. We reiterate, however, that in the interest of safety, a plastic toy holder should not be installed where a child could impact it in a crash. I hope this information is helpful. I have enclosed an information sheet that provides additional information for new manufacturers of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. If you have further questions, please contact Deirdre Fujita of my staff at (202) 366-2992. Sincerely, John Womack Acting Chief Counsel Enclosure";

ID: aiam5213

"Dear Mr. O'Neill: This responds to your letter asking about th Federal requirements that would apply to a plastic toy holder you wish to manufacture for child car seats. You indicate on a sketch provided with your letter that the toy holder would fit into a mounting bracket that is attached by screws to the car seat. By way of background information, the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act ('Safety Act,' 15 U.S.C. 1392) authorizes NHTSA to issue safety standards for new motor vehicles and new items of motor vehicle equipment. NHTSA does not, however, approve or certify any vehicles or items of equipment. Instead, the Safety Act establishes a 'self-certification' process under which each manufacturer is responsible for certifying that its products meet all applicable safety standards. The agency periodically tests vehicles and items of equipment for compliance with the standards. Under the authority of the Safety Act, NHTSA issued Standard 213, Child Restraint Systems, which specifies requirements for new child seats used in motor vehicles and aircraft. A new child seat that is sold with your toy holder attached to must be certified by the seat manufacturer as meeting Standard 213. NHTSA would determine the compliance of the new child seat with Standard 213 by, among other things, testing it with a test dummy in a 30 mph dynamic test. Based on the information in your letter, it appears that a new child seat with your toy holder might not meet Standard 213. S5.2.2.2 of the standard specifies, among other things, that each child seat must not have any fixed or movable surface (other than restraining devices) in front of the test dummy restrained in the child seat. This requirement is to prevent items that could injure a child in a crash from being installed where they could be impacted by a child. While your sketch is unclear, it appears that the toy holder could be located in front of the dummy. If so, the toy holder could be impacted by a child in a crash. Also, a new child seat with the toy holder attached to it might not comply with S5.2.4 of Standard 213. S5.2.4 requires any rigid part of the child seat that can be contacted by the head or torso of the dummy in the dynamic test to have a height of not more than 3/8 inch above any adjacent surface, and have no exposed edge with a radius of less than 1/4 inch. A restrained dummy could impact a toy holder attached to the side of the child seat if the dummy twisted during the dynamic test. If your product will be sold to consumers as an aftermarket item, Standard 213 does not apply to it, since the standard only applies to new child seats and not to accessory items. There is no Federal motor vehicle safety standard that applies to the toy holder. I note, however, that there are other Federal requirements that indirectly affect the manufacture and sale of your product. Under the Safety Act, your product is considered to be an item of motor vehicle equipment. Manufacturers of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment are subject to the defect provisions of the Safety Act. In the event that you or NHTSA determines that your toy holder contains a safety-related defect, you would be responsible for notifying purchasers of the defective equipment and remedying the problem free of charge. If data indicated that a child seat accessory exposed occupants to an unreasonable risk of injury, such as a toy holder installed where it was impacted by children, the agency might conduct a defect investigation which could lead to a safety recall. Manufacturers, distributors, dealers, and motor vehicle repair businesses are subject to 108(a)(2)(A) of the Safety Act, which states: 'No manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or motor vehicle repair business shall knowingly render inoperative ... any device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment in compliance with an applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standard ....' It appears unlikely that your product would be attached to a child seat by persons in the aforementioned categories. However, if such a person were to attach the toy holder, he or she could violate 108(a)(2)(A) if the child seat's compliance with S5.2.2.2 and S5.2.4 were compromised. Section 109 of the Safety Act specifies a civil penalty of up to $1,000 for each violation of 108. The 'render inoperative' prohibition of 108(a)(2)(A) does not apply to the actions of vehicle owners in adding to or otherwise modifying their vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment. Thus, child seat owners could attach the toy holder without having to meet Standard 213. We reiterate, however, that in the interest of safety, a plastic toy holder should not be installed where a child could impact it in a crash. I hope this information is helpful. I have enclosed an information sheet that provides additional information for new manufacturers of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. If you have further questions, please contact Deirdre Fujita of my staff at (202) 366-2992. Sincerely, John Womack Acting Chief Counsel Enclosure";

ID: aiam3435

Dear Mr. Louderback: This responds to your March 30, 1981 letter pertaining to the mountin of an old school bus body on a new chassis. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has stated that such a mounting constitutes the manufacture of a new motor vehicle and must comply with all applicable safety standards in effect at the time of that manufacture. This statement comes from previous agency interpretations of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and from the rationale underlying the provisions of section 571.7(e) of our regulations. You state that section 571.7(e) applies only to trucks and, accordingly, has no application to school buses.; The agency has had a longstanding position that a vehicle combining a old body and new chassis is a new vehicle. This position was developed and applied long before the proposal for section 571.7(e) in May 1975. See, for example, the enclosed 1972 letter of interpretation and the discussion of pre-proposal interpretations in the enclosed copy of the May 1975 proposal.; The codification in section 571.7(e) of the agency's position a regards trucks did not alter its similar position as regards other vehicle types. I am enclosing a 1978 interpretation stating that school buses will be treated under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act in the same fashion as trucks are under section 571.7(e). The reason for this interpretation is the similarity of the practice of manufacturing school buses and trucks on new truck chassis. Accordingly, the agency has applied the same rationale in determining those vehicles, e.g., buses, that are to be considered newly- manufactured.; In light of these existing interpretations and in the interest o safety, the agency is retaining its position that vehicles using old bodies and new chassis be treated as newly manufactured vehicles.; Sincerely, Frank Berndt, Chief Counsel

ID: nht89-2.1

TYPE: INTERPRETATION-NHTSA

DATE: 06/09/89

FROM: STEPHEN P. WOOD -- NHTSA ACTING CHIEF COUNSEL

TO: DAVID BLUMBERG -- STRUCTOFAB, INC.

TITLE: NONE

ATTACHMT: LETTER DATED 01/18/89 FROM DAVID BLUMBERG TO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

TEXT: Dear Mr. Blumberg:

This responds to your letter asking whether your company qualifies as a "remanufacturer." You explained that your company acquires the chassis (without the body) of right hand drive jeep-type vehicles that have been used by the United States Postal Servi ce. You further explained that your company undertakes extensive operations to repair, restore, and replace parts of the used chassis and to add to the chassis a new body, hood, seats, and interior. There is no "remanufacturer" category in any of this a gency's laws or regulations. However, based on the facts presented in your letter, your company would appear to be a "manufacturer."

Section 102(5) of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1391(5)) defines a "manufacturer" as "any person engaged in the manufacturing or assembling of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment, including any person importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale." (emphasis supplied) Since your company plans to assemble vehicles, it would appear to be a "manufacturer" under this definition and subject to the responsibilities imposed on a manufacturer by the Safety A ct and our regulations issued thereunder.

Among these responsibilities are:

1. Registration. 49 CFR Part 566, Manufacturer Identification, requires a "manufacturer" of motor vehicles to submit identifying information and a description of items produced.

2. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Certification: Section 114 of the Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1403) requires each "manufacturer" to certify that every one of its new vehicles complies with all applicable safety standards. The agency's longstand ing position with respect to vehicles assembled by adding new bodies to the chassis of vehicles previously registered for use on the public roads is that such vehicles are themselves considered used motor vehicles. This agency position means that manufa cturers such as your company would not be required to

certify that such vehicles company with all applicable safety standards as of the date the vehicle is assembled.

The only exception to this general rule arises under section 108(a) (2) (A) of the Safety Act, which prohibits any manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or motor vehicle repair business from "rendering inoperative" any device or element of design installed in a vehicle in compliance with an applicable safety standard. We have interpreted this provision of the law as requiring any person (other than the vehicle owner) that has removed an old body in order to install a new one to ensure that the newly assemb led vehicle meets the standard that the vehicle originally did (e.g., a vehicle comprised of a body manufactured in 1989 mounted on a used 1976 chassis must meet all standards that applied to vehicles manufactured in 1976). Your company would be respons ible for any violations of this requirement for all of its vehicles from which your company itself has removed the old body from the used chassis and for all vehicles from which the old body was removed from the used chassis at the behest of your company .

3. Notification and Remedy. The Safety Act requires manufacturers to notify owners and remedy without charge to the owners any safety-related defect discovered in the assembled vehicle.

For your information, I have enclosed a general information sheet for new manufacturers that summarizes the provisions of our law and regulations and tells how to get copies of our regulations. If you have any further questions or need additional inform ation on this subject, please feel free to contact Marvin Shaw of my staff at this address or by telephone at (202) 366-2992.

Sincerely,

ENCLOSURE

ID: 1839y

Mr. David Blumberg
Structofab, Inc.
915 Clifton Avenue
Clifton, NJ 07013

Dear Mr. Blumberg:

This responds to your letter asking whether your company qualifies as a "remanufacturer." You explained that your company acquires the chassis (without the body) of right hand drive jeep-type vehicles that have been used by the United States Postal Service. You further explained that your company undertakes extensive operations to repair, restore, and replace parts of the used chassis and to add to the chassis a new body, hood, seats, and interior. There is no "remanufacturer" category in any of this agency's laws or regulations. However, based on the facts presented in your letter, your company would appear to be a "manufacturer."

Section 102(5) of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1391(5)) defines a "manufacturer" as "any person engaged in the manufacturing or assembling of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment, including any person importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale." (emphasis supplied) Since your company plans to assemble vehicles, it would appear to be a "manufacturer" under this definition and subject to the responsibilities imposed on a manufacturer by the Safety Act and our regulations issued thereunder.

Among these responsibilities are:

1. Registration. 49 CFR Part 566, Manufacturer Identification, requires a "manufacturer" of motor vehicles to submit identifying information and a description of items produced.

2. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Certification: Section 114 of the Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1403) requires each "manufacturer" to certify that every one of its new vehicles complies with all applicable safety standards. The agency's longstanding position with respect to vehicles assembled by adding new bodies to the chassis of vehicles previously registered for use on the public roads is that such vehicles are themselves considered used motor vehicles. This agency position means that manufacturers such as your company would not be required to certify that such vehicles comply with all applicable safety standards as of the date the vehicle is assembled.

The only exception to this general rule arises under section 108(a)(2)(A) of the Safety Act, which prohibits any manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or motor vehicle repair business from "rendering inoperative" any device or element of design installed in a vehicle in compliance with an applicable safety standard. We have interpreted this provision of the law as requiring any person (other than the vehicle owner) that has removed an old body in order to install a new one to ensure that the newly assembled vehicle meets the standard that the vehicle originally did (e.g., a vehicle comprised of a body manufactured in 1989 mounted on a used 1976 chassis must meet all standards that applied to vehicles manufactured in 1976). Your company would be responsible for any violations of this requirement for all of its vehicles from which your company itself has removed the old body from the used chassis and for all vehicles from which the old body was removed from the used chassis at the behest of your company.

3. Notification and Remedy. The Safety Act requires manufacturers to notify owners and remedy without charge to the owners any safety-related defect discovered in the assembled vehicle.

For your information, I have enclosed a general information sheet for new manufacturers that summarizes the provisions of our law and regulations and tells how to get copies of our regulations. If you have any further questions or need additional information on this subject, please feel free to contact Marvin Shaw of my staff at this address or by telephone at (202) 366-2992.

Sincerely,

Stephen P. Wood Acting Chief Counsel

Enclosure

/ref:VSA#566 d:6/9/89

ID: aiam5219

"Dear Mr. Belk: This responds to your letter of May 17, 1993, which i a follow-up to our May 6, 1993, letter in which we explained the self-certification process, 'render inoperative,' and 'due care.' You include information from tests you have done to determine whether seats you manufacture can be installed in vehicles that must comply with requirements for dynamically tested manual belts in Standard No. 208, Occupant Crash Protection (49 CFR 571.208), which specifies performance requirements for the protection of vehicle occupants in crashes. You have experienced difficulties because of variability in belt pay-out ranging from 2.25 inches to 4.9 inches and asked whether Standard No. 209, Seat Belt Assemblies (49 CFR 571.209) allows this much variability. It is unclear from the information you provided what is causing the belt pay-out you are experiencing. I note that S4.3(i) of Standard No. 209 limits the amount of webbing which can extend from an automatic-locking retractor prior to the retractor locking. A similar requirement for webbing-sensitive emergency- locking retractors is included in S4.3(j). Section 4.6 of Standard No. 209 excepts dynamically tested manual belts from the requirements of S4.2(a)-(f) and S4.4 of Standard No. 209, however, these belts must still comply with S4.3. The test for compliance with sections S4.3(i) and S4.3(j) are different from the tests you have been performing. Therefore, your tests would not indicate whether the seat belt assembly complies with these requirements of Standard No. 209. You also asked for further advice on how to reassure your customers that vehicles will comply with Standard No. 208 with your seat installed. It is possible that you may not be able to do this. As explained in our previous letter, Standard No. 208 is applicable to vehicles and not to individual items of equipment (except for pressure devices and explosive devices used in air bags). Therefore, you, as the seat manufacturer, would have no certification responsibilities under Standard No. 208. The vehicle manufacturer is required to certify compliance with Standard No. 208. This is because compliance with Standard No. 208 is dependent on a variety of factors, including the seat, the seat belts, and the vehicle interior. Because you manufacture only the seat, you cannot control the other factors, and, therefore, probably cannot provide your clients with all the information they need in order to certify their vehicles compliance with Standard No. 208. However, you should be able to provide them with information on your seats that they can use to help determine if their vehicles comply with Standard No. 208. Finally, you asked whether NHTSA would impose liability on you or the seat belt manufacturer if we discovered an apparent non-compliance with Standard No. 208. Because Standard No. 208 applies to the vehicle, the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.) imposes liability for non- compliance on the vehicle manufacturer, not the seat or seat belt manufacturer. However, state law may allow the vehicle manufacturer to recover damages from the manufacturer of either the seat or the seat belt. I hope you find this information helpful. If you have any other questions, please contact Mary Versailles of my staff at this address or by phone at (202) 366-2992. Sincerely, John Womack Acting Chief Counsel";

ID: aiam5340

"Dear Mr. Moore: This responds to your letter of February 4, 1994 requesting verification of a statement made by a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) employee that you are allowed to install passenger seats in a van used for farm transportation if you comply with the safety regulations. In a phone conversation with Mary Versailles of my staff, you explained that you would like to add seats to the rear of a 14 foot cargo van which the nursery owns. You would be performing this work yourself. As explained below, Federal law does not apply to situations where vehicle owners alter their own vehicles. I am pleased to have this opportunity to explain our laws and regulations to you. NHTSA is authorized under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1381 et seq., Safety Act) to issue motor vehicle safety standards that apply to the manufacture and sale of new motor vehicles and new items of motor vehicle equipment. Section 108(a)(1)(A) of the Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 1397(a)(1)(A)) prohibits any person from manufacturing, introducing into commerce, selling, or importing any new motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment unless the vehicle or equipment item is in conformity with all applicable safety standards. NHTSA has exercised its authority to establish five safety standards which could be relevant to installation of a seat in a used vehicle: Standard No. 207, Seating Systems, Standard No. 208, Occupant Crash Protection, Standard No. 209, Seat Belt Assemblies, Standard No. 210, Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages, and Standard No. 302, Flammability of Interior Materials. Standards Nos. 207, 208, 210, and 302 apply, with certain exceptions that are not relevant to your situation, to vehicles and not directly to items of equipment. Standard No. 209, however, applies to seat belt assemblies as separate items of motor vehicle equipment, regardless of whether the belts are installed as original equipment in a motor vehicle or sold as replacements. Thus, if you install new seat belts on the seats, the manufacturer is required to certify that the seat belts comply with Standard No. 209. If a seat is installed in a used motor vehicle, the seat, as an item of equipment, does not have to comply with any Federal standards. However, 108(a)(2)(A) of the Safety Act provides, in pertinent part: No manufacturer, distributor, dealer, or motor vehicle repair business shall knowingly render inoperative, in whole or part, any device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment in compliance with an applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standard. . . . None of these entities could install seats in your van if it caused the vehicle to no longer comply with any of the safety standards. Please note, however, that the 'render inoperative' prohibition does not apply to modifications vehicle owners make to their own vehicles. Thus, Federal law would not apply in a situation where you, as an individual vehicle owner, installed seats in your own vehicles, even if the installation were to result in the vehicle no longer complying with the safety standards. However, you should be aware that individual States have the authority to regulate modifications that individual vehicle owners may make to their own vehicles. While Federal law would not apply to a modification you make to your own vehicle, I nonetheless urge you to exercise care in installing the seats and to install seat belts on the seats. The seats and seat belts will not provide any protection to occupants if they separate from the vehicle frame in a crash. Also, you may wish to consult a private attorney familiar with the law in the State of New Jersey regarding potential liability in tort for your business in these circumstances. I hope you find this information helpful. If you have any other questions, please contact Mary Versailles of my staff at this address or by phone at (202) 366-2992. Sincerely, John Womack Acting Chief Counsel";