ID: nht87-1.2

TYPE: INTERPRETATION-NHTSA

DATE: 01/01/87 EST

FROM: PETER MCINTOSH -- PRESIDENT. STARDOR INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LTD

TO: TAYLOR VINSON -- NHTSA

TITLE: REAR ENDER STOP LAMP

ATTACHMT: ATTACHED TO LETTER DATED 09/29/87 FROM ERIKA Z. JONES -- NHTSA TO PETER MCINTOSH, REDBOOK A31, STANDARD 108; LETTER DATED 02/24/87 (EST) FROM ERIKA Z. JONES TO HAL MCNAMARA

TEXT: Dear Mr Vinson,

Mr Kumbar of the A.A.M.V.A. suggested I write to you & inform you of our wishes to obtain approval for the marketing of our Rear Ender brake light.

This product was introduced into Australia in 1986 with great success and is now used by many corporations, government bodies & sporting groups to promote their product and incorporate a great safety device into their vehicles. With the statistics fr om the U.S.A. illustrating the reduction in rear end accidents by over 50% with the installation of a mid mounted brake light, acceptance of this concept was incredible with our promotional factor assisting to promote their use.

Due to the acceptance and the interest shown we decided to try and export the product to the U.S.A. where the market is so much larger and where so many millions of cars still lack this safety system. On showing the product to a number of interested parties in the U.S.A. it is evident that this concept should receive much the same acceptance. Apart from the promotional angle main selling feature to most end users is the big advantages offered in safety.

Our aim is mainly to introduce them to corporations for use in their own vehicles, used car sales for their stock and sporting groups for fund raising (support their team with endorsement on lights). Eventually we hope to introduce them onto the reta il market. With all new cars being factory fitted we do not see a market in this area, with the exception of 2wd vehicles and vans.

The size of the lens is 10" x 2 1/2" offers excellent visibility and the most important feature of the lens is the fact that the message dissapears when the brake light is illuminated, thus not interfering with the initial design characteristic requir ement of the light. This factor has gained acceptance by the police departments in Australia and has encouraged a number of insurance companies to offer bonuses to their clients utilizing the mid mounted lights, e.g. no loss of no claim in the event of a rear end collision.

The light has also been used by police and county vehicles to promote community messages such as "BUCKLE UP!", "SAY NOT TO DRUGS!" etc.

Please find enclosed a copy of our brochure and I trust this information will be of assistance to you in evaluating our product. Should you require any further information please do not hesitate to call me on (305) 3616908.

ID: 1977y

Mr. George A. Van Straten
President
Van Straten Heated Tail Light Co. Inc.
Route l, Box 224
Baraga, MI 49908

Dear Mr. Van Straten:

This is in reply to your letter of July 12, l989, to this Office, requesting a copy of any agency correspondence with Thomas Gravengood, as well as an interpretation of Federal requirements as they apply to heated motor vehicle lamps produced by your company. Your company manufactures "heated lights" which are intended to melt snow that accumulates on them in the winter months. In Mr. Gravengood's letter of April 3, l989, to us he stated:

"All lights, lenses, and materials to assemble the heated safety lights have already been certified and passed the Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. l08. We have been advised by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration that there is no motor vehicle safety standard no. for heated lights. In order for us to do business at the O.E.M. level we require a letter of approval from you to us that we may pass on to our customers so they may start ordering and we may start producing."

We have no authority to "approve" or "disapprove" items of motor vehicle equipment. Under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, an equipment manufacturer "approves" each of its own products that are subject to a Federal motor vehicle safety standard by certifying that it meets all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards, or (if it is a vehicle manufacturer), that the vehicle on which the lamp is installed, complies with the standards. However, we can advise you of the relationship of your product to Standard No. l08. This should prove helpful in dealings at the O.E.M. level.

There are two types of O.E.M. lighting equipment: lamps that are required by Standard No. l08, and supplementary lamps that do not come under its coverage. Although your product literature indicates that the highmounted heated taillamp supplements the original equipment lamp, it is not clear whether the heated signal lamp serves as the required signal lamp or is a supplement to the original equipment. Accordingly, this letter discusses how Standard No. l08 treats both original required and original supplemental lighting equipment.

If you are the manufacturer of original lighting equipment required by Standard No. 108, but not the manufacturer of the vehicle on which it is installed, the vehicle manufacturer, and not you, has the legal responsibility under the Act and Standard No. l08 of ensuring that the equipment complies with the standard, and of certifying that the vehicle meets all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards. As a practical matter, however, vehicle manufacturers generally insist that equipment manufacturers provide assurance that their products meet Federal standards, but the "certification" they may insist upon is not required by the Act. You are correct that there is no standard that applies to heated lamps as such. The Federal standard that applies is the one imposed by Standard No. l08 for the particular equipment item (taillamps or signal lamps in this instance).

If you are manufacturing a lamp as an original equipment supplement to required original lighting equipment, the burden remains on the vehicle manufacturer who installs it. The only restriction on a supplementary lamp that Standard No. l08 imposes is that it not impair the effectiveness of the required lighting equipment (paragraph S5.1.3, formerly paragraph S4.1.3). Your lamps "splice into" the wiring for the taillamps and "marker lamps", according to your product literature. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the vehicle manufacturer to ensure that this installation does not negatively affect the performance of the required taillamps and signal lamps, or otherwise impair its effectiveness. If the vehicle manufacturer determines that no impairment exists, then it may certify that its vehicles comply with all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards.

Observing that the product literature depicts the heated taillamp installed in the upper corners of a school bus body, we must also call attention to an additional provision of Standard No. l08. The location depicted is one that is frequently used for the clearance lamps required by Standard No. l08. Paragraph S5.4 of Standard No. l08 (formerly S4.4) forbids the optical combination of clearance lamps and taillamps. Thus, your lamp cannot optically combine these two functions if it is to be used as new vehicle equipment.

Other enclosures to your letter indicate that at present the heated lamp is being installed on buses in use, that is to say, as non-original equipment. The requirements imposed by Standard No. l08 and the Act for aftermarket manufacturers of lighting equipment differ from those for original equipment. If the lamp you produce is intended to replace an original equipment certified lamp, it is considered replacement equipment. As a manufacturer of a replacement taillamp or signal lamp, the legal obligation to produce a complying equipment item falls squarely upon you, as does the certification responsibility. If the lamp is intended only to replace a supplemental lamp, you are not required to certify. However, there may be instances in which your lamp is interchangeable with original certified equipment, and even though you may not intend it as replaceable lighting equipment, you may encounter questions from state and federal authorities if it is not manufactured and certified in accordance with Standard No. 108.

Finally, you should be aware of your responsibilities under the Act in the event that your products do not comply with Standard No. l08, or incorporate a safety related defect (an example would be the inability of the lens to withstand the heat produced during the lamp's operation without warping or cracking). If you or this agency determine that a noncompliance or safety related defect occurs in any item of replacement equipment that you manufacture, you have the obligation to notify purchasers, and to remedy the problem through repair, repurchase, or replacement of the item. With respect to original equipment, this obligation falls upon the manufacturer of the vehicle on which it is installed.

If you have any further questions we shall be happy to answer them. As you requested, we are enclosing a copy of Mr. Gravengood's letter of April 3.

Sincerely,

Stephen P. Wood Acting Chief Counsel

/ref:108 d:8/ll/89

ID: nht87-2.49

TYPE: INTERPRETATION-NHTSA

DATE: 07/13/87

FROM: AUTHOR UNAVAILABLE; Erika Z. Jones; NHTSA

TO: Mr. Mark Roberts

TITLE: FMVSS INTERPRETATION

TEXT:

Mr. Mark Roberts 40 East Stillforest Houston, Texas 77024

Dear Mr. Roberts:

This is in reply to your letter of June 9, 1987, with respect to an aftermarket motorcycle lamp that you wish to produce. You refer to the lamp as a "motorcycle safety light" that would supplement other motorcycle lighting and "would be a rear facing or all direction light with an amber colored lens that would flash". You have asked if there are any restrictions or guidelines for such a lamp.

Your letter does not indicate the size, flash rate, or intensity of the light, nor whether you intend it to be installed by motorcycle dealers prior to the first sale, or available only for installation on motorcycles already in use. However, I can give you some general guidelines.

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108, Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment contains the requirements that apply to motorcycles and must be met at the time of sale and delivery to their first owners. Generally, except as provided i n the standard (e.g. motorcycle headlamp modulating devices) all lamps must be steady burning in use. Your lamp, however, would flash, and therefore appears precluded as an item of original equipment. Further, vehicle equipment must not impair the effect iveness of lighting equipment required by the standard. Although in the absence of specifications of your lamp we cannot say whether it would impair the effectiveness of required motorcycle lighting equipment, we note that an rearward facing amber flashi ng lamp could create confusion with a rearward facing amber turn signal lamp.

As an aftermarket device intended for vehicles in use, your lamp is subject only to the Federal restriction that its installation by a dealer, distributor, or motor vehicle repair business shall not render inoperative in whole or in part other required l ighting equipment. Should your device place an excessive drain on a motorcycle battery affecting the operability of other lighting equipment it could be viewed as violative of the Federal restriction. However, even if this question is answered in the neg ative, the question of the acceptability of the supplemental lamp is determined by the laws of the state in which the device is sold or used. We are unable to advise you on these laws, and suggest that you write American Association of Motor Vehicle Admi nistrators, 1301 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016, for further information.

Sincerely,

Erika Z. Jones Chief Counsel

Dept. of Transportation Erika Jones Chief Council Natl. Highway Traffic Safety Administration Room 5219 400 7th Street SW Washington, D.C. 20590

Dear Ms. Jones,

Our company is interested in producing a motorcycle safety light intended as an after market piece of equipment, and not to replace original equipment. It would be a rear facing or all direction light with an amber colored lens that would flash.

Please tell me of any restrictions and / or guidelines that might affect the design and production of such a light. Is there is a manual of such information, I would greatly appreciate being sent one. Thank you for your attention.

Yours,

Mark Roberts

ID: 2400y

Mr. Bill Waltz
Wagner Division
Cooper Industries, Inc.
155 Algonquin Parkway
Whippany, NJ 07981

Dear Mr. Waltz:

This is in reply to your letter requesting permission for deviations from marking requirements for round sealed beam headlamps.

Wagner has been asked to assemble some headlamps designed to appear as closely as possible to those produced by Guide Lamp in the l950's. The lamps would be marked "l" and "2" in accordance with the nomenclature of the day, rather than "2Dl", "1C1", and "2C1", as required by Standard No. l08. The DOT symbol would not be provided, "since this obviously was not on the original lamps." You have informed us that the lamps "will be made to today's photometric standards" and "subjected to all the tests currently required of the round headlights." Finally, "they will be distributed on a limited basis through antique parts dealers."

I am sorry, but we have no authority to exempt manufacturers of motor vehicle equipment from any requirements of the Federal motor vehicle safety standards. Our temporary exemption authority under l5 U.S.C. 1410 extends only to motor vehicles. Further, we have no authority to exempt manufacturers of either vehicles or equipment from their statutory obligation to certify through use of the DOT symbol that their products meet all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards.

Under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. l08 Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment, the motor vehicle lamps which you have identified, and for which you ask an exemption are designated Type C and Type D sealed beam headlamps. As such, they must be designed to conform to the photometric requirements of SAE Standard J579c, December l978, which are incorporated by reference in Standard No. l08. They are considered replacement equipment, and must conform to all requirements of Standard No. 108, including marking and certification.

Standard No. l08 covers both original and replacement vehicle equipment. Depending on the vehicle category, it became effective for original equipment on January 1, l968, and January 1, l969. On January 1, l972, it became effective for equipment intended to replace original equipment on all motor vehicles manufactured on and after January 1, l972. Therefore, it might appear that the standard would not apply in any event to replacement equipment for l950's vehicles. However, the headlamps you describe are designed to conform to all contemporary requirements, except marking and certification. Even though intended for use on l950's vehicles, these circular headlamps are interchangeable with circular headlamps installed on any vehicle manufactured after the effective dates of Standard No. l08. Therefore, they must be designed to conform with Standard No. l08, and marked and certified accordingly.

The intended markings "l" and "2" would signify mistakenly that the headlamps were designed to conform to SAE Standard J579a, October l965 (which also did not require the DOT symbol on the lens). Until June l989, SAE J579a was incorporated in Standard No. l08 as a permissible option to SAE J579c, but the agency deleted it as the lamps appeared to be out of production. However, even had J579a been retained, we could not have allowed the lenses of headlamps manufactured to J579c to be marked according to J579a.

Sincerely,

Stephen P. Wood Acting Chief Counsel

/ ref:l08 d:4/8/90

ID: 24345.ztv

Mr. Ronald E. Kish
Plastics by Design, Inc.
P.O. Box 220
Marcellus, MI 49067

Dear Mr. Kish:

This is in reply to your recent undated letters to Frank Seales, Jr., and John Womack, with reference to a license plate lamp you intend to market for use on a cargo utility trailer. You enclosed a test report and stated that the test results are "within the SAE Standard J587 and FMVS 108." You asked "may we market this model as compliant with D.O.T. ???"

Under the primary motor vehicle safety statute, 49 U.S.C. Chapter 301, a manufacturer of motor vehicle equipment must certify that its product complies with all applicable Federal motor vehicle safety standards (FMVSS) if there is a FMVSS that applies to its product (49 U.S.C. 30115). Paragraph S5.8, the replacement equipment provisions of FMVSS No. 108, applies to the license plate lamp you intend to manufacture. FMVSS No. 108 allows you, as the manufacturer, to certify compliance by labeling each lamp with a DOT symbol (S5.8.10). Use of this symbol identifies the lamp as compliant with DOT standards applicable to license plate lamps, but if you wish to use further language indicating compliance, we prefer that you say the lamp "complies with FMVSS No. 108" rather than "compliant with D.O.T."

We express no opinion as to whether your lamp design complies with FMVSS No. 108. The test report you sent us relates to the photometric performance of a center highmounted stop lamp with a clear red lens, and you cannot use this as a basis for certifying conformance of a license plate lamp.

Assuming that you have, or will have, a test report indicating that your license plate lamp meets SAE J587, the fact that a prototype lamp meets the tests specified in applicable SAE standards does not necessarily indicate that all production lamps will comply with SAE specifications incorporated by reference in FMVSS No. 108. A manufacturer must exercise "reasonable care" in ensuring that each of its products complies with all applicable FMVSS and in certifying such compliance (49 U.S.C. 30112(b)(2)(A), 30115) in order not to violate the provisions of Chapter 301. Occasional surveillance testing of production items is one means of ensuring continuing compliance of products.

If you have any questions, you may call Taylor Vinson of this Office (202-366-5263).

Sincerely,
Jacqueline Glassman
Chief Counsel
ref:108
d.6/14/02

ID: nht71-1.42

DATE: 07/22/71

FROM: E. T. DRIVER -- NHTSA OFFICE OF OPERATING SYSTEMS MOTOR VEHICLE PROGRAMS

TO: LOUIS C. LUNDSTROM -- DIRECTOR, AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY ENGINEERING GENERAL MOTORS ENVIRONMENTAL STAFF

TITLE: NONE

TEXT: Dear Mr. Lundstrom:

This is in reply to your letter of July 12, 1971, to Mr. Douglas W. Toms, Acting Administrator, concerning replacement equipment covered in FMVSS No. 108, effective January 1, 1972.

The requirements for original and replacement equipment in FMVSS No. 108 cover those items listed in Tables I and III, namely: Headlamps Turn signal operating units Tail lamps Turn signal flashers Stop lamps Vehicular hazard warning signal License plate lamps operating units Reflex reflectors Vehicular hazard warning signal Parking lamps flashers Side marker lamps Identification lamps Backup lamps Clearance lamps Turn signal lamps Intermediate side marker lamps Intermediate reflex reflectors

In addition the requirements cover the following items specified in the text of the standard:

School bus warning lamps

Headlamp beam switching devices

Headlamp upper beam indicator lamps

Turn signal pilot indicator lamps

Hazard warning signal pilot indicator lamps

Plastic lenses

Sincerely,

ID: nht72-2.16

DATE: 05/19/72

FROM: AUTHOR UNAVAILABLE; R. B. Dyson; NHTSA

TO: Norman W. Quinn, Esq.

TITLE: FMVSS INTERPRETATION

TEXT: This is in reply to your letter of May 5 on behalf of your client Lee Ross. Mr. Ross has developed a motor vehicle deceleration warning system that, as described by you, activates two amber lights on the rear of a vehicle. Your letter indicate that these lamps would be incorporated into a vehicle back-up lamp system and that Mr. Ross envisions his system as an aftermarket accessory item rather than as new vehicle original equipment. You state your understanding that Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 would not preclude marketing the system as an aftermarket accessory, and that back-up lamps are required to be white in color. You ask our advice whether Standard No. 108 prohibits amber lamps in the back-up lighting system and, if so, whether a proposal for amendment of the Standard to allow the system would be feasible.

Standard No. 108 would in certain instances preclude the aftermarket sale of an amber deceleration warning system incorporated into a back-up lamp system. Standard No. 108 as of January 1, 1972, does cover certain aftermarket equipment items, and in some instances would preclude the sale of a back-up light system with amber lamps. Lighting equipment manufactured on or after that date as replacement for similar equipment on vehicles manufactured on or after January 1, 1972, must meet Standard No. 108 which, as you have noted, requires that the color of the back-up lamps be white. Federal law would not preclude sale of this system for use on motor vehicles manufactured before January 1, 1972, or purchase of an amber system by the owner of a vehicle manufactured after that date if he wished to change over from a white to amber system. As a practical matter, however, I believe That virtually every State has a requirement that back-up lamps be white, and that a back-up light with amber bulbs or lenses would be forbidden. Standard No. 108 would not preclude sale of the Ross System as a separate lighting device. I do not know what position the States would take on such a matter.

Our research contracts on deceleration warning system indicate that further development and testing under field conditions is necessary before specific proposals can be made by NHTSA. Therefore, I do not think action on a proposal by Mr. Ross would be feasible at this time, though we would welcome his comments to our Docket 69-19 as a comment to be considered in future rulemaking on this subject.

ID: nht80-1.34

DATE: 03/18/80

FROM: AUTHOR UNAVAILABLE; F. Berndt; NHTSA

TO: G. Mack Industries, Ltd.

TITLE: FMVSS INTERPRETATION

TEXT: This is in reply to your letter of February 18, 1980, asking about the legality in the United States of a lamp with the words "DON'T PASS" which you are presently manufacturing for school buses in Canada. The lamp is intended for mounting on both the front and rear of the bus.

Such a lamp is not required in this country under Federal law. Its use as original equipment on U.S. school buses would not be prohibited by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108, Lamps, Reflective Devices and Associated Equipment, since its installation would not appear to impair the effectiveness of required lighting equipment. Its legality would be determined by that of the State in which the bus is registered and operated, and therefore, you should contact the individual State for their opinion in this matter.

SINCERELY,

G. MACK INDUSTRIES LTD.

February 18, 1980

Frank Berndt, Chief Counsel National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,

Dear Sir:

In a letter I received from Mr. David Soule he suggested that I write you directly as to finding out the legality of our "DON'T PASS" light, we are presently manufacturing for the school buses in Canada.

The "DON'T PASS" light features consist of one or two flashing thirty-five candlepower seal beam units or six thirty two candlepower bulbs. The base is made out of A.B.S. a hard tough space age material that is weather resistant, and is suited for outdoor applications. The lens is made out of san and is a chemical scratch resistant plastic. Dimensions are 10" x5" x2" with a simple six screw molding which will adapt to any school bus. As to the electrical hook up we are presently using the four way flashing switch.

Enclosed is a picture and a newspaper clipping as to our headway we have made in Canada.

Appreciating your valued opinion in your early reply as to our position in the United States. I remain,

J. Leftrook Jr. President

ENC.

The Big Safety Lamp has been included in the Manitoba school bus specifications and the Manitoba Highway Traffic Act has been amended to give approval of the light. It is now in use in all of the 52 Manitoba school divisions. Application to have the lamp made standard equipment will go before the next meeting of the Canadian Standards Association.

The lamp which is produced for the company by Melet Plastic Ltd., 670 Golspie Street, Winnipeg, is injection moulded on custom made steel dies. The lens is made of SAN, a scratch and chemical resistant plastic, and the back of the unit is made of ABS, a hard, tough, space age material that is weather resistant and specially suited to outdoor applications.

Gerry Leftrook is optimistic about the future. Negotiations are underway to have the light standardized in the United States as well as Canada. It is estimated that there are some 25,000 school buses operating in Canada and 348,000 in the United States. Production of new buses has been projected at about 7,000 per year in Canada and 35,000 per year in the United States over the next five years.

The light can be adapted to transport trailers and trucks, house trailers and campers, all of which provide a wide market potential.

(Graphics omitted)

ID: aiam4354

Dear Mr. Roberts: This is in reply to your letter of June 9, 1987, with respect to a aftermarket motorcycle lamp that you wish to produce. You refer to the lamp as a 'motorcycle safety light' that would supplement other motorcycle lighting and 'would be a rear facing or all direction light with an amber colored lens that would flash'. You have asked if there are any restrictions or guidelines for such a lamp.; Your letter does not indicate the size, flash rate, or intensity of th light, nor whether you intend it so be installed by motorcycle dealers prior to the first sale, or available only for installation on motorcycles already in use. However, I can give you some general guidelines.; Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108, *Lamp, Reflectiv Devices, and Associated Equipment* contains the requirements that apply to motorcycles and must be met at the time of sale and delivery to their first owner. Generally, except as provided in the standard (*e.g* motorcycle headlamp modulating devices) all lamps must be steady burning in use. Your lamp, however, would flash, and therefore appears precluded as an item of original equipment. Further, vehicle equipment must not impair the effectiveness of lighting equipment required by the standard. Although in the absence of specifications of your lamp we cannot say whether it would impair the effectiveness of required motorcycle lighting equipment, we note that an(sic) rearward facing amber flashing lamp could create confusion with a rearward facing amber turn signal lamp.; As an aftermarket device intended for vehicles in use, your lamp i subject only to the Federal restriction that its installation by a dealer, distributor, or motor vehicle repair business shall not render inoperative in whole or in part other required lighting equipment. Should your device place an excessive drain on a motorcycle battery affecting the operability of other lighting equipment it could be viewed as violative of the Federal restriction. However, even if this question is answered in the negative, the question of the acceptability of the supplemental lamp is determined by the laws of the State in which the device is sold or used. We are unable to advise you on these laws, and suggest that you write American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, 1301 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016, for further information.; Sincerely, Erika Z. Jones, Chief Counsel

ID: aiam4073

Dear Mr. Pawl: This is in response to your letter of November 29, 1985, to the forme Chief Counsel of this agency, Jeffrey R. Miller, asking for an interpretation of Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108.; Your letter is vague as to the precise function of your 'safet related' lighting device, and whether you wish to offer it as original equipment or equipment intended for installation after the sale of a vehicle to its first purchaser for purposes other than resale. If the latter, then its legality is determinable solely under the laws of each State in which it will be used.; If you intend it as original equipment, on a vehicle at the time of it initial sale, then its legality would be determinable under Standard No. 108. As a general rule, section S4.1.3 prohibits the installation of any device that would impair the effectiveness of lighting equipment required by the standard. You have informed us that your device, which consists of 'amber LED's' in the 'rear package tray,' is inoperative during application of the service brakes, thus, it does not appear that it would impair the effectiveness of the center high-mounted stop lamp.; You have also stated that it is located 'in relative proximity' to th center stop lamp but is not combined with it, and you have asked if this meets the intent of S4.4.1 regarding equipment combinations. This section forbids the combination of the center stop lamp with any other lamp or reflective device. Since your device is physically separate from the center lamp, S4.4.1 would not appear to prohibit your device.; You have also stated that when viewed from the rear, 'the pattern o illuminated LED's may change, possibly giving the illusion of flashing,' and you ask for a definition of 'flashing' as described in section S4.6(c). This section has been renumbered S4.5.11, and subsection (c) permits an exception to the general rule that lamps in use must be steady-burning, permitting headlamps and side marker lamps to 'flash' for signalling purposes. The definition of flash is that contained in S3, a cycle of activation and deactivation by automatic means, and this definition does not specify frequency or other characteristics. To us, the important question is whether your device complies with section S4.5.11(e) which requires all lamps (other than those specifically excepted) to be steady-burning in use. A lamp that changes patterns may not flash, but it cannot be viewed as steady-burning either.; Finally, you state that 'section S4.3 states that no function othe than red reflex reflectors shall be combined with CHMSL or rear turn signal lamps' and ask whether amber or any other color 'may be used in proximity' since it is not used in combination. We believe you must be referring to section S4.4.1 which states that 'no clearance lamp may be combined optically with any taillamp or identification lamp, and no high-mounted stop lamp shall be combined with any other lamp or reflective device.' As we do not know the intended functions of your LED device, I can offer only general comments. Although red is the required color for all rear lighting devices except backup and license plate lamps, amber is permitted as an optional color for rear turn signals, furthermore, amber is generally accepted as indicating the need for caution. Thus, amber is not a lens color whose presence on rear lighting devices would *per se* impair effectiveness. The use of other colors for lighting devices on the rear of vehicles could lead to confusion, and be viewed as impairing the effectiveness of required lighting equipment.; Sincerely, Erika Z. Jones, Chief Counsel