ID: 0160

Samson Helfgott, Esq.
Helfgott & Karas, P.C.
60th Floor
Empire State Building
New York, NY 10118-6098

Re: Your Ref. No.: 12.065

Dear Mr. Helfgott:

We have received your letter of July 1, 1994, to Paul Jackson Rice, former chief counsel of this agency, on behalf of your client Harold Caine, with respect to whether a certain supplementary lighting system would be permissible under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108. You have enclosed copies of two previous letters that this Office has sent you on other supplementary lighting systems developed by Mr. Caine.

You state that "Mr. Caine is considering the possibility of utilizing [a] combination of red and amber lighting arrangement to be placed along the side of trucks and other vehicles." Since you later ask "whether the presence of the red and amber lights on the sides of the vehicle would be permissible under Standard No. 108", we interpret this as meaning that the red and amber lamps would be in addition to those red and amber lamps that are presently required on the sides of vehicles (the side marker lamps) by Standard No. 108. However, your letter fails to state the number and candela of the lamps, and how they would be arrayed along the side of the vehicle.

As we understand it, during normal vehicle operation, the amber side lamps of the system would be activated. When the brake pedal is applied, the amber lamps are extinguished and the required stop lamps and red side lamps of the system would be activated. As you know from previous correspondence, supplementary lighting equipment is prohibited only if it impairs the effectiveness of lighting equipment that is required by Standard No. 108. Standard No. 108 specifies that front and intermediate side marker lamps (those at or near the midpoint of the length) shall be amber, and that rear ones shall be red. If, in the Caine system, the amber supplementary lamps are mounted to the front of the vehicle side and the red supplementary lamps to the rear of the

vehicle side (i.e., amber from front to and including the midpoint; red, after the midpoint to the rear), we do not see that the supplementary system would have an impairing effect upon the stop lamps or rear side marker lamps and reflectors. If, however, the system consists of alternating red and amber lamps displayed along the side of the vehicle, then the potential for confusion as to orientation of the trailer could result, impairing the effectiveness of the color code of the required side marker lamps. We assume that the candela of the lamps in the Caine system is no greater than that permitted for the side marker lamps that are required by Standard No 108, but if the candela is greater, that would also create the potential for impairment if the array alternates red and amber lamps.

You have also asked "whether there are any prohibitions that might prevent utilization of this structure on the sides of the vehicles." We know of none, however, it is possible that some States might have laws that would affect this. As we are unable to advise you on State law, we suggest that you write for an opinion to the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, 4600 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Va. 22203.

Sincerely,

John Womack Acting Chief Counsel

ref:108 d:7/20/94

ID: 0172

Mr. Lawrence Farhat
President/CEO
Neon Riders of America, Inc.
521 Copeland Street
Jacksonville, FL 32204

Dear Mr. Farhat:

We have received your letter of July 5, 1994, with respect to the legality of neon lighting that your company manufactures for installation on the undercarriage of motor vehicles. You report that some users have been cited by local law enforcement authorities, and state that there has been some confusion as to the legality of this lighting. You ask for our views.

This agency establishes the Federal motor vehicle safety standards which must be met from the time a motor vehicle is manufactured up until its sale to its first purchaser for purposes other than resale. Standard No. 108 specifies the lighting equipment that is required when vehicles are manufactured. Lighting equipment that is not required is permissible if it does not impair the effectiveness of the required equipment. The new car dealer is responsible for ensuring that any lighting equipment that it adds before the sale of the vehicle does not impair the effectiveness of lighting equipment that is required by the standard. The initial determination of whether an impairment exists is made by the person responsible for adding the equipment. NHTSA will not question this determination unless it is clearly erroneous.

If the lighting equipment is added after the vehicle's sale by a manufacturer, dealer, distributor, or motor vehicle repair business, it is subject to the restriction that it not "knowingly make inoperative any part" of a lamp that has been installed in accordance with Standard No. 108.

Supplementary motor vehicle lighting equipment, whether added before or after initial sale of the vehicle, is subject to the laws of States in which the vehicle is operated, even if the equipment is not prohibited under Federal law. State laws may vary and this is the reason for the confusion.

With respect to neon lights, we are aware of aftermarket installations of neon lights on the underside of vehicles that illuminate the pavement below. If such lamps create glare that distracts another motorist from perceiving, for example, the turn signals in use, we would consider that an impairment and a partially making inoperative within the meaning of those terms. We are unable to advise you on State laws regarding the use of neon lights on the underside of vehicles, and suggest that you write for an opinion to the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, 4600 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Va. 22203.

NHTSA would like manufacturers of this equipment to be aware that devices such as neon light systems which use high voltage may provide an ignition source for vehicle fires in the event of a crash. The agency would be concerned if undercarriage lighting in use causes or contributes to the severity of post-crash vehicle fires.

Sincerely,

John Womack Acting Chief Counsel

ref:108 d:8/9/94

ID: 0186

M. Guy Dorleans
Legal Compliance Department
Valeo Vision 34, rue St-AndrJ
93012 Bobigny Cedex
France

Dear M. Dorleans:

We have received your letter of July 15, 1994, asking whether certain front lamp designs would be permissible under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108.

In the basic front lamp design, the upper beam photometrics of Figure 17A would be provided by Lamps A and B. You have asked whether it is possible to add Lamp D, "an auxiliary driving beam." In this variation "all three A, B and D filaments would be permanently energized together in high beam mode and table 17a (sic) of FMVSS 108 is then fulfilled." Lamp D meets the photometric requirements of SAE Standard J581 JUN89 Auxiliary Driving Lamps.

The photometrics of Figure 17A apply to two-lamp integral beam or two-lamp combination headlighting systems, and the design in your drawing is that of a four-lamp system, subject to the photometrics of Figure 15A. This configuration is not permissible under Standard No. 108.

Sincerely,

John Womack Acting Chief Counsel ref:108 d:8/31/94

ID: 0191

Herr P. Binder
ITT Automotive Europe GmbH
Bietigheim-Bissingen
Germany

FAX 07142/73-2895

Dear Herr Binder:

This responds to your FAX of July 19, 1994, requesting a reinterpretation of our letter to you of June 21, 1994. You had intended to ask us about taillamps rather than the turn signal lamps which were the subject of our letter.

Your latest letter shows a rear motor vehicle lighting array of four lamps, two on the body and two on the tailgate. The lamps on the body contain turn signals, stop lamps, and taillamps. The lamps mounted on the tailgate contain backup lamps, rear fog lamps, and taillamps. Your letter asks for confirmation of your interpretation that:

"This lighting system is a multiple lamp arrangement, therefore the combination of taillamp 1 and taillamp 2 has to be used to meet the photometric requirements for 2 lighted sections (SAE J585e, 3.1 and Table 1)."

This is correct. Paragraph 3.1 of SAE J585e states that "multiple lamps may be used to meet the photometric requirements of a tail lamp." Note 3 of Table 1 states that "separately lighted sections . . . may be separate lamps", and that the photometric values are to apply when all sections that provide the tail signal are considered as a unit.

"Visibility will be judged with tailgate closed."

As we advised you in our earlier letter, this is also correct. "Only taillamp 2 mounted on the tailgate will meet the requirements for an unobstructed projected illuminated area of 12.5 cm2 measured at 45 deg. inboard. This is in accordance with SAE J 585e; Par. 4."

Taillamp 1 and taillamp 2 together comprise the taillamp system. Thus it is not required that taillamp 1 meet the inboard visibility requirements when they are met by taillamp 2.

You have also asked some general questions:

"Are there regulations which lamps has to be mounted on the body and which lamps are allowed on the tailgate?"

No. Table IV's requirement for the location of rear stop, tail, and turn signal lamps is that they be "as far apart as practicable." However, Standard No. 108 does not specify which lamps must be mounted on the body and which are permissible on the tailgate. We encourage manufacturers to mount signal lamps on the body, such as is shown in your drawing.

"Is there a regulation to take an approval test in an authorized test laboratory (e.g. ETL)?"

No. NHTSA has no authority to require a manufacturer to take approval tests or to designate test laboratories of which it approves.

"Which US-Authority has to be informed about this test?"

A manufacturer is not required to inform NHTSA or any other governmental agency about its tests. However, NHTSA has the authority to ask a manufacturer to provide it with copies of test results, and generally does so if it finds failures to meet Standard No. 108 in its own tests.

"How long is this test valid?" "After which period has this test to be repeated?"

Under our laws, a lamp manufacturer is required to certify compliance of replacement equipment with Standard No. 108, and it is the manufacturer's determination when it should retest a lamp to verify that its certification of compliance remains correct. In our experience, manufacturers will retest when there are design changes to its products. Manufacturers also

engage in surveillance testing of products after they have entered production to ensure that design tolerances continue to be met and that the lamp remains in compliance with the specifications of Standard No. 108.

Sincerely,

John Womack Acting Chief Counsel

ref:108 d:8/2/94

ID: 01931.ztv

Mr. Jack W. DeYoung
Tumbleweed Trucks, Inc.
318 Kwanzan Drive
Lynden, WA 98264

Dear Mr. DeYoung:

This is in reply to your letter of October 18, 2002, with respect to the flash rate of hazard warning signal system flashers. You have invented a flasher "which is designed to produce a hazard signal consisting of repeating cycles of a number of short flashes followed by a longer pause." Your question, in essence, is whether Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 requires "a uniform flash rate" for hazard warning signal system flashers or permits a varying one. It is your opinion that the standard does not require a "uniform flash rate."

Standard No. 108 requires that hazard warning signal flashers be designed to conform to SAE Recommended Practice J945, "Vehicular Hazard Warning Signal Flasher," February 1966. Paragraph 3 of J945 and its accompanying Figure 1 specify requirements for "Flash rate and percent Current On" Time" measurements." The flash rate must be 60 to 120 flashes per minute for "normally open" (i.e., variable load) flashers, and 90 to 120 flashes per minute for "normally closed" (i.e., fixed load) flashers. SAE J945 also requires that "flashing rate and percent current on time . . . be measured after the flashers have been operating for a minimum of five consecutive cycles and shall be an average of at least three consecutive cycles."

We have examined the diagram in your letter relating to your flasher invention.It shows that this design would not comply with Standard No. 108. We calculate that its flash rate would be 136.8 flashes per minute, exceeding the maximum permissible 120 flashes per minute. Specifically, the diagram shows two consecutive cycles of 160ms "on" followed by 200ms "off." These cycles are followed by a third cycle of 160ms "on followed by 620ms "off." The first two cycles equate to 166.7 flashes per minute, while the third cycle equates to 76.9 flashes per minute. The average of the three cycles is 136.8 flashes a minute.

While you might be able to modify your invention to reflect a complying flash rate for three specific cycles, we interpret the standard as requiring compliance over any three cycles chosen at random. The drastic change that would appear required for you to comply at three specific cycles would sharply reduce (and possibly eliminate entirely) the ability to comply at another three cycles chosen at random. Further such a change in your design would, we believe, affect the ability of the flasher to meet the percent on-time requirements. The need to fulfill both flash rate and percent on-time requirements may explain why industry has always chosen a uniform rate for flashers. Thus, while you are correct that SAE J945 does not specify that all cycles of flash be of the same duration, it is likely that the only way to meet the specification is to provide a "uniform flash rate."

I hope that this answers your questions.

Sincerely,

Jacqueline Glassman
Chief Counsel

ref:108
d.11/14/02

ID: 02-27-02Morganltr

Mr. Allan R. Morgan
Morgan's Auto Body, Inc.,
200 68^th Place
Capitol Heights, MD 20743





Dear Mr. Morgan:

This responds to your letter to L. Robert Shelton, Executive Director of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), asking three questions about the regulation of aftermarket parts. Your letter was referred to my office for reply. Each of your questions is answered below.

Question 1: Has the U.S. Department of Transportation (the "Department") issued any guidelines or adopted any regulations governing the use of aftermarket parts in the auto body repair business?

NHTSA is the agency within the Department of Transportation that regulates auto safety. We will therefore answer your questions about the Department by discussing NHTSA's activities in this area.

Our answer is no, we have not issued guidelines or regulations restricting use of aftermarket parts in the repair of vehicles, except as noted below. NHTSA has the authority to issue safety standards for both motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. Most Federal motor vehicle safety standards (FMVSS) issued by the agency apply only to new vehicles. However, certain standards apply to parts and equipment, whether they are installed in new vehicles or sold in the aftermarket. Examples of these standards are Standard No. 106 (Brake hoses); Standard No. 108 (Lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipment); Standard No. 109 (New pneumatic tires); Standard No. 116 (Motor vehicle brake fluids); Standard No. 205 (Glazing materials); and Standard No. 209 (Seat belt assemblies). If an item of equipment that is regulated by a safety standard were used in the repair of a vehicle, the item must be certified as meeting the applicable standard.

NHTSA also regulates motor vehicle safety defects. The defect provisions we administer apply to both motor vehicles and motor vehicle replacement equipment, including items of aftermarket equipment that are not regulated by a safety standard. Under 30118 of Chapter 301 of Title 49 of the United States Code, "Motor Vehicle Safety" (49 U.S.C. 30118), if a manufacturer or NHTSA determines that an item of motor vehicle equipment contains a safety-related defect, the manufacturer would be responsible for notifying purchasers of the defective equipment and remedying the problem free of charge. Thus, NHTSA has the authority to order recalls of aftermarket crash parts, whether they are made by the vehicle manufacturer or by an independent parts manufacturer.

We also note that our regulations do prohibit manufacturers, dealers, distributors, and repair businesses from knowingly making inoperative any part of a device or element of design installed on or in a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment in compliance with an applicable FMVSS (49 U.S.C. 30122). This provision does not, however, concern replacement parts or systems that were made inoperative due to a vehicle crash.

Question 2. Has the Department conducted or contracted for any safety studies on vehicles repaired using aftermarket parts?

The General Accounting Office (GAO) recently issued a report on replacement crash parts. The report identifies several studies of replacement crash parts, but notes that their results do not resolve the issue of safety. The report contains recommendations "to strengthen NHTSA's ability to detect and order the recall of unsafe vehicle parts." A copy of this report is enclosed for your information.

In addition, in 1990-91, NHTSA's Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance (OVSC) addressed the issue of possible adverse safety aspects of the use of non-original equipment manufacturer replacement sheet metal components in some detail. OVSC sent interrogatory letters on this subject to the three major then-domestic automobile manufacturers, seeking test data as well as the answers to questions on the issue of whether replacement sheet metal components, such as fenders, hoods, and doors, could possibly reduce the crash protection provided by a vehicle.

Although all three manufacturers indicated concern about this issue, none produced any test data in response to NHTSA's original inquiry. Ford Motor Company (Ford) reported that it had performed some studies on non-OEM replacement part fit and finish, structural quality, and corrosion. Ford stated that these tests indicated that the parts were not equivalent to original equipment, but also reported that it had not conducted any tests to determine if vehicles equipped with these replacement parts would comply with the Federal motor vehicle safety standards. General Motors Corporation stated that it had not performed any safety testing on non-OEM crash parts. Chrysler Corporation (Chrysler) representatives met with OVSC on this issue and subsequently conducted limited testing to observe the effectiveness of an offshore-manufactured hood with respect to a vehicle's compliance with FMVSS No. 219, "Windshield zone intrusion." No windshield zone intrusion was noted during the test.

During this inquiry, NHTSA also received a letter from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), a private not-for-profit organization established by the insurance industry, which described testing that IIHS sponsored in 1987 on a Ford Escort with cosmetic body parts (such as the grill, left and right front fenders and front door sheet metal) removed and a "competitive hood" installed. IIHS reported that the vehicle complied with FMVSS Nos. 208, 212, 219, and 301 by a wide margin, and concluded that the data clearly showed that the use of cosmetic body parts, whether made by an OEM or a "competitive factory," did not affect the safety performance of the vehicle.

Question 3. Is the Department aware of any civil cases involving the use of aftermarket parts in auto body repair?

While we have not conducted an exhaustive search of this subject, NHTSA is aware of at least one class action lawsuit concerning aftermarket parts brought in Illinois state court against the State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company. A copy of the court's opinion in the case, Avery, et al. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 746 N.E.2d 1242 (Ill. Ct. App., 5^th Dist. 2001), is enclosed for your information.

I hope this information is helpful. If you have any questions, you may contact Robert Knop of this office at (202) 366-2992.

Sincerely,

John Womack
Acting Chief Counsel

Enclosures
ref:misc
d.3/4/02

ID: 02024.ztv

Michael Shipley, Lieutenant
City of Carlsbad Police Department
2560 Orion Way
Carlsbad, CA 92008-7280

Dear Lieutenant Shipley:

This is in reply to your letter of September 9, 2002. I regret our delay in responding to your letter which, although properly addressed, did not reach our office until October 28.

You asked for "a waiver from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards to allow for the purchase, repair, installation, and use of a feature commonly known as a 'blackout switch.'" The switch would disconnect a vehicles stop lamps and back up lamps. You understand that it is permissible for the Department itself to install the switch, but ask for a waiver on behalf of "a third party installation company."

I enclose a letter from this Office dated April 4, 2002, to Lee M. Calkins. That letter also pertains to the Federal Signals system which you wish to use. In that letter, we pointed out that, under the make inoperative prohibition of 49 U.S.C. 30122, the switch could not be installed by a "manufacturer, dealer, distributor, or motor vehicle repair business." We did not discuss further the meaning of "motor vehicle repair business," except that the term does not include the owner of a vehicle. Under Section 30122(a), a motor vehicle repair business means "a person holding itself out to the public to repair for compensation a motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment." If the "third party installation company" you mentioned is a "motor vehicle repair business" as defined by Section 30122(a), it would be prohibited from installing the blackout switch.

If you have any questions, you may phone Taylor Vinson of this Office (202-366-5263).

Sincerely,

Jacqueline Glassman
Chief Counsel

Enclosure
ref:108
d.12/6/02

ID: 0216

Mr. Joe Kover
463 West Creekside Lane
Kaysville, UT 84037

Dear Mr. Kover:

This responds to your letter of July 25, 1994, to Jere Medlin of this agency. You have presented several questions regarding an electric circuit that you have designed for use in motor vehicles, and which you call a Light Control Unit (LCU).

The LCU automatically turns off the headlamps and tail and parking lamps when the ignition is turned off if the lamps have been activated. The LCU also automatically turns on the headlamps and the tail and parking lamps whenever the windshield wipers are turned on. If the LCU fails when the lights are on, a Light Bus Monitor will automatically restore them.

You have the following questions:

"Would a motor vehicle operator be in violation of the federal motor vehicle safety standards by maintaining both the head and tail/park lights on during the hours of daylight?"

No. The Federal motor vehicle safety standards do not tell an owner when it is or is not permissible to use safety equipment.

"Does the LCU meet the federal motor vehicle safety standards? Could the LCU be integrated into the light system of new production vehicles or currently registered vehicles;"

The Federal motor vehicle safety standard on lighting, Standard No. 108, does not apply to supplementary lighting devices such as the LCU. The LCU is permissible on new vehicles provided it does not impair the effectiveness of lighting equipment required by the standard. We do not see that it has this effect. It is permissible to be installed on currently registered vehicles by manufacturers, distributors, dealers or motor vehicle repair businesses provided that it

does not make inoperable any part installed in accordance with a Federal motor vehicle safety standard. We do not see that the LCU has this effect either.

You have also told us that the LCU may be used to operate lamps as Daytime Running Lamps (DRLs) by maintaining the light switch in the on position when the wiper switch has been turned off. One feature of this function is that the LCU "allows the operator to turn off either the head lights only or both the head lights and tail/park lights via the light switch." Your question is "If the operator should elect to employ the LCU as a DRL unit does it meet the federal motor vehicle safety standards?"

Under Standard No. 108, a DRL system is a system of any pair of lamps on the front of a vehicle (other than parking lamps or fog lamps) that is automatically activated and that is automatically deactivated when the operator places the headlamp control in the on position. Further, DRLs can be lower beam headlamps operated at full voltage. Assuming that the LCU turns the lower beam headlamps on rather than the upper beam ones, your system would function as a DRL meeting the requirements of Standard No. 108 when the lower beam headlamps are automatically activated by the windshield wipers and deactivated by turning off the ignition. However, the feature that allows the headlamps to be turned off manually (whether or not simultaneously turning off the parking lamps and taillamps) is not part of a DRL system as specified by Standard No. 108.

Your final request is that we "include the federal specifications for electronic devices." We are unsure what you mean by this as we have no "specifications for electronic devices." I enclose a copy of S5.5.11 of Standard No. 108, the DRL specifications.

Sincerely,

Philip R. Recht Chief Counsel

Enclosure ref:108 dL10/14/94

ID: 02388.ztv

Ms. Collette Walsh
345 University Avenue
Belleville
Ontario K8N 5T7
Canada

Dear Ms. Walsh:

This is in reply to your fax of November 12, 2002, with respect to your fax requests of September 4 and 5, 2002, for interpretations of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108. Im sorry to say that we have no record of receiving your earlier faxes.

The interpretation you requested on September 4 concerns the headlamp lens marking requirement of the standard for a Type H headlighting system, specifically S7.3.9(c). Paragraph (c) requires that "The face of letters, numbers, or other symbols molded on the surface of the lens shall not be raised more than 0.020 in. (0.5 mm) . . . ." It also requires that "The marking shall be molded in the lens and shall be not less than in. (6.35 mm) in size."

You asked whether "the lens marking (pattern) [must be] in the mold at the time of manufacture" and whether "an acceptable alternative [would be] . . . to laser etch the lens after the molding process." You explained that the marking would be indelible and not raised more than 0.020 in.

We have no information on the durability of laser etching on a headlamp lens but note that a laser etching would not be "molded into the lens" as specified in S7.3.9(c). Therefore, we do not regard your alternative as one that would comply with the standard.

The interpretation you requested on September 5 again involves lens marking. You asked whether it is acceptable to place the information required to be on a lens "on the top of the housing of a tail lamp or headlamp assembly" You added that "the marking would be clearly visible only if the trunk lid or engine compartment lid was open." This would not be acceptable. The information required to be on a lens must be placed on the lens.

If you have further questions, you may call Taylor Vinson of this Office at 202-366-5263.

Sincerely,

Jacqueline Glassman
Chief Counsel

ref:108
12/10/02

ID: 02409GF

Robert E. Norton II, Esq.
Senior Staff Counsel
Office of the General Counsel
DaimlerChrysler Corporation
1000 Chrysler Drive
Auburn Hills, MI 48326-2766

Dear Mr. Norton:

This responds to your letter dated November 8, 2002, concerning the lease of specially ordered prototype vehicles to the United States Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command. In your letter you state that your company is entering into a contract to provide the vehicles for a military research program. The vehicles will be built in conformity with contractual specifications. It is our understanding that the vehicles will not be certified to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS). You further state that DaimlerChrysler will retain the title to the vehicles and lease them to the Army. You ask us to interpret 49 CFR 571.7(c), which provides that no Federal motor vehicle standard applies to a vehicle or item of equipment manufactured for, and sold directly to, the Armed Forces of the United States in conformity with contractual specifications, as applying to this lease arrangement. 

It is our opinion that a transaction where a vehicle is manufactured for, and leased directly to, the Army in conformity with contractual specifications is tantamount to a sale directly to the Army for purposes of 571.7(c). We note that as a general matter, applicability of the FMVSS does not vary depending upon whether a vehicle is sold or leased to a consumer. That is, all FMVSS applicable to vehicles sold by manufacturers are also applicable to vehicles leased by manufacturers. Similarly, in applying 571.7(c), we see no reason to treat vehicles manufactured for, and leased to, the military differently from vehicles sold to the military.

Please be advised that upon the termination of this lease arrangement, DaimlerChrysler cannot sell these vehicles to the general public, unless they were originally certified to the FMVSS. If the vehicles were not originally certified to the

FMVSS, DaimlerChrysler will need to take the necessary steps to prevent the vehicles subsequent use on U.S. highways. For example, DaimlerChrysler may choose to destroy the vehicles, export the vehicles, or sell the vehicles to the military.

I hope this information is helpful.  If you have any further questions, please feel free to contact George Feygin of my staff at 202-366-2992.

Sincerely,

John Womack
Senior Assistant Chief Counsel

ref:571
d.1/16/03