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Legislation and Licensing

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

Lower Speed Limits

4 Stars

$

High

Varies

Enforcement

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

High-Visibility Enforcement at Pedestrian Crossings

3 stars

$$

Low

Short

Other Strategies for Behavior Change

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

Pedestrian Safety Zones

4 Stars

$$$

Low

Long

Elementary-Age Child Pedestrian Training

3 stars

$

Unknown

Medium

Safe Routes to School

3 stars

$

High

Medium

Walking School Buses

2 stars

$

Unknown

Short

Conspicuity Enhancement

2 stars

$

Low

Medium

Approaches That Are Unproven or Need Further Evaluation

Countermeasure

Child School Bus Training

Communications and Outreach Addressing Impaired Pedestrians

University Educational Campaigns

“Sweeper” Patrols of Impaired Pedestrians

Driver Training

Pedestrian Gap Acceptance Training

Children’s Safety Clubs

Child Supervision

 

 

Evaluation Metrics

Effectiveness:

 

5 Stars

Demonstrated to be effective by several high-quality evaluations with consistent results.

4 Stars

Demonstrated to be effective in certain situations.

3 Stars

Likely to be effective based on balance of evidence from high-quality evaluations.

2 Stars

Limited evaluation evidence, but adheres to principles of human behavior and may be effective if implemented well.

No evaluation evidence, but adheres to principles of human behavior and may be effective if implemented well.

   

Cost to implement:

$$$

Requires extensive new facilities, staff, equipment, or publicity, or makes heavy demands on current resources.

$$

Requires some additional staff time, equipment, facilities, and/or publicity.

$

Can be implemented with current staff, perhaps with training; limited costs for equipment or facilities.

These estimates do not include the costs of enacting legislation or establishing policies.

   

Use:

 

High

More than two-thirds of the States, or a substantial majority of communities

Medium

One-third to two-thirds of the States or communities

Low

Less than one-third of the States or communities

Unknown

Data not available

   

Time to implement:

Long

More than 1 year

Medium

More than 3 months but less than 1 year

Short

3 months or less

These estimates do not include the time required to enact legislation or establish policies.