Countermeasures
Countermeasures to improve young-driver safety are listed in the table below. The table is intended to provide a rough estimate of each countermeasure’s effectiveness, use, cost, and time required for implementation. Effectiveness is shown using a five-star rating system.
- Countermeasures that receive or have been determined to be effective.
- Countermeasures that receive are considered promising, and likely to be effective.
- Countermeasures that receive ✩ or ✩✩ have NOT been determined to be effective, either because there has been limited or no high-quality evidence (✩) or because effectiveness is still undetermined based on the available evidence (✩✩).
States, communities, and other organizations are encouraged to use , and especially or , countermeasures. They should use caution in selecting ✩ or ✩✩ countermeasures, since conclusive evidence is not available to demonstrate the effectiveness of these countermeasures. If they decide to use a new or emerging countermeasure that has not yet been studied sufficiently to demonstrate that the countermeasure is effective, they are encouraged to have the countermeasure evaluated in connection with its use.
Further details about the symbols and terms used are included after the table. Effectiveness, cost, and time to implement can vary substantially from State to State and community to community. Costs for many countermeasures are difficult to measure, so the summary terms are very approximate.
Each countermeasure to improve young-driver safety is discussed individually in this chapter. Full descriptions are included for , and countermeasures. Brief descriptions are included for ✩ and ✩✩ countermeasures. Further details about the ✩ and ✩✩ countermeasures are included in Appendix A6 to this report
1. Graduated Driver Licensing
Countermeasure |
Effectiveness |
Cost |
Use |
Time |
1.1 Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) |
|
$ |
High |
Medium |
1.2 Learner’s Permit Length, Supervised Hours |
† |
$ |
High |
Medium |
1.3 Intermediate – Nighttime Restrictions |
|
$ |
High |
Medium |
1.4 Intermediate – Passenger Restrictions |
|
$ |
High |
Medium |
1.5 Cell Phone Restrictions |
✩✩ |
$ |
Medium |
Medium |
1.6 Belt Use Requirements |
✩✩ |
$ |
Low |
Medium |
1.7 Intermediate – Violation Penalties |
✩ |
$ |
High |
Medium |
† Learner’s permit length proven to reduce crash rates
2. Driver Education
Countermeasure |
Effectiveness |
Cost |
Use |
Time |
2.1 Pre-Licensure Driver Education |
✩✩ |
$$$ |
Medium |
Long |
2.2 Post-Licensure Driver Education |
✩ |
$$$ |
Low |
Long |
3. Parents
Countermeasure |
Effectiveness |
Cost |
Use |
Time |
3.1 Parent Roles in Teaching and Managing Young Drivers |
✩✩ |
$$ |
Medium |
Short |
3.2 Electronic Technology for Parental Monitoring |
|
$ |
Low |
Short |
4. Traffic Law Enforcement
Countermeasure |
Effectiveness |
Cost |
Use |
Time |
4.1 Enforcement of GDL and Zero-Tolerance Laws |
|
$$ |
Unknown |
Short |
Effectiveness: |
|||
|
Demonstrated to be effective by several high-quality evaluations with consistent results |
||
|
Demonstrated to be effective in certain situations |
||
|
Likely to be effective based on balance of evidence from high-quality evaluations or other sources |
||
✩✩ |
Effectiveness still undetermined; different methods of implementing this countermeasure produce different results |
||
✩ |
Limited or no high-quality evaluation evidence |
||
|
|
||
Effectiveness is measured by reductions in crashes or injuries unless noted otherwise.
See individual countermeasure descriptions for information on effectiveness size and how effectiveness is measured.
|
|||
Cost to implement: |
|||
$$$ |
Requires extensive new facilities, staff, equipment, or publicity, or makes heavy demands on current resources |
||
$$ |
Requires some additional staff time, equipment, facilities, and/or publicity |
||
$ |
Can be implemented with current staff, perhaps with training; limited costs for equipment or facilities |
||
These estimates do not include the costs of enacting legislation or establishing policies.
|
|||
Use: |
|||
High |
More than two-thirds of the States, or a substantial majority of communities |
||
Medium |
One-third to two-thirds of States or communities |
||
Low |
Less than one-third of the States or communities |
||
Unknown |
Data not available |
||
|
|
||
Time to implement: |
|||
Long |
More than 1 year |
||
Medium |
More than 3 months but less than 1 year |
||
Short |
3 months or less |
||
|
|
||
These estimates do not include the time required to enact legislation or establish policies. |