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Countermeasures to improve young-driver safety are listed in the table below. The table is intended to provide a rough estimate of each countermeasure’s effectiveness, use, cost, and time required for implementation. Effectiveness is shown using a five-star rating system.

  • Countermeasures that receive  or  have been determined to be effective.
  • Countermeasures that receive  are considered promising, and likely to be effective.
  • Countermeasures that receiveor ✩✩ have NOT been determined to be effective, either because there has been limited or no high-quality evidence () or because effectiveness is still undetermined based on the available evidence (✩✩).

States, communities, and other organizations are encouraged to use , and especially  or , countermeasures. They should use caution in selectingor ✩✩ countermeasures, since conclusive evidence is not available to demonstrate the effectiveness of these countermeasures. If they decide to use a new or emerging countermeasure that has not yet been studied sufficiently to demonstrate that the countermeasure is effective, they are encouraged to have the countermeasure evaluated in connection with its use.

Further details about the symbols and terms used are included after the table. Effectiveness, cost, and time to implement can vary substantially from State to State and community to community. Costs for many countermeasures are difficult to measure, so the summary terms are very approximate.

Each countermeasure to improve young-driver safety is discussed individually in this chapter. Full descriptions are included for ,  and  countermeasures. Brief descriptions are included forand ✩✩ countermeasures. Further details about theand ✩✩ countermeasures are included in Appendix A6 to this report

1. Graduated Driver Licensing

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

1.1 Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)



$

High

Medium

1.2 Learner’s Permit Length, Supervised Hours



$

High

Medium

1.3 Intermediate – Nighttime Restrictions



$

High

Medium

1.4 Intermediate – Passenger Restrictions



$

High

Medium

1.5 Cell Phone Restrictions

✩✩

$

Medium

Medium

1.6 Belt Use Requirements

✩✩

$

Low

Medium

1.7 Intermediate – Violation Penalties

$

High

Medium

Learner’s permit length proven to reduce crash rates

 

2. Driver Education

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

2.1 Pre-Licensure Driver Education

✩✩

$$$

Medium

Long

2.2 Post-Licensure Driver Education

$$$

Low

Long

 

3. Parents

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

3.1 Parent Roles in Teaching and Managing Young Drivers

✩✩

$$

Medium

Short

3.2 Electronic Technology for Parental Monitoring



$

Low

Short

 

4. Traffic Law Enforcement

Countermeasure

Effectiveness

Cost

Use

Time

4.1 Enforcement of GDL and Zero-Tolerance Laws



$$

Unknown

Short

 

Effectiveness:



Demonstrated to be effective by several high-quality evaluations with consistent results



Demonstrated to be effective in certain situations



Likely to be effective based on balance of evidence from high-quality evaluations or other sources

✩✩

Effectiveness still undetermined; different methods of implementing this countermeasure produce different results

Limited or no high-quality evaluation evidence

 

 

Effectiveness is measured by reductions in crashes or injuries unless noted otherwise.

 

See individual countermeasure descriptions for information on effectiveness size and how effectiveness is measured.

 

Cost to implement:

$$$

Requires extensive new facilities, staff, equipment, or publicity, or makes heavy demands on current resources

$$

Requires some additional staff time, equipment, facilities, and/or publicity

$

Can be implemented with current staff, perhaps with training; limited costs for equipment or facilities 

These estimates do not include the costs of enacting legislation or establishing policies.

 

Use:

High

More than two-thirds of the States, or a substantial majority of communities

Medium

One-third to two-thirds of States or communities

Low

Less than one-third of the States or communities

Unknown

Data not available

 

 

Time to implement:

Long

More than 1 year

Medium

More than 3 months but less than 1 year

Short

3 months or less

 

 

These estimates do not include the time required to enact legislation or establish policies.