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AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. (2014). 2013 Traffic Safety Culture Index. https://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2013TrafficSafety­CultureIndexReport.pdf

AAAFTS. (2018a). 2017 Traffic Safety Culture Index. https://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TSCI-2017-Report.pdf

AAAFTS. (2018b). Leveraging and enhancing alcohol countermeasures to reduce drugged driving: Behavioral and educational interventions (Research brief).  https://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/18-0439_AAAFTS-Drugged-Driving-Countermeasures-%E2%80%93-Education-Research-Br....pdf

AAAFTS. (2018c). Leveraging and enhancing alcohol countermeasures to reduce drugged driving: Enforcement, legal and policy-based approaches (Research brief). AAAFTS. https://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FINAL-18-0440_AAAFTS-Drugged-Driving-Countermeasures-Legal-Research-Brief_090418.pdf

Agimi, Y., Warren-Kigenyi, N., Berning, A., & Wochinger, K. (2014, January). Compendium of traffic safety research projects 1985-2013 (Report No. DOT HS 811 847). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811847.pdf

Alcohol Epidemiology Program. (2000). Alcohol policies in the United States: Highlights from the 50 States. University of Minnesota School of Public Health. https://impacteen.uic.edu/generalarea_PDFs/Alcohol%20Policies%20in%20the%20United%20States.PDF

Alcohol Policy Information System. (2018a). Underage drinking: Use/lose: Driving privileges. https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/apis-policy-topics/uselose-driving-privileges/44/maps-and-charts#page-content

APIS. (2018b). Retail sales keg registration laws. https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/apis-policy-topics/keg-registration/27

APIS. (2018c). Underage drinking: Prohibitions against hosting underage drinking parties. https://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/apis-policy-topics/prohibitions-against-hosting-underage-drinking-parties/41#page-content

Alvarez, J., de Gier, H., Mercier-Guyon, C., & Verstraete, A. (2007, June 26). Categorization system for medicinal drugs affecting driving performance [Report of the ICADTS Working Group]. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. http://icadts.nl/reports/medicinaldrugs1.pdf

American College of Emergency Physicians. (2006). Alcohol screening and brief intervention in the emergency department. www.acep.org/globalassets/uploads/uploaded-files/acep/clinical-and-practice-management/resources/publichealth/alcohol-screening/alcohol_screening_kit_overview.pdf

Applied Research Center. (2008). Executive summary of “Parents who Host, Lose the Most: Don’t be a Party to Teenage Drinking” campaign survey. Miami University Middletown.

Arnold, L. S. & Tefft, B. C. (2016). Driving under the influence of alcohol and marijuana: Beliefs and behaviors, United States, 2013-2015. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. http://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/TSCIDUIBeliefsAndBehaviors_1.pdf

Arnold, L. S., & Scopatz, R. A. (2016). Advancing drugged driving data at the State level: Synthesis of barriers and expert panel recommendations. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. https://aaafoundation.org/advancing-drugged-driving-data-at-the-state-level-synthesis-of-barriers-and-expert-panel-recommendations/

Asbridge, M., Hayden, J. A., & Cartwright, J. L. (2012). Acute cannabis consumption and motor vehicle collision risk: Systematic review of observational studies and meta-analysis. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 344(536). doi: 10.1136/bmj.e536.

Axel, N. E., Knisely, M. J., McMillen, P., Weiser, L. A., Kinnard, K., Love, T., & Cash, C. (2019, March). Best practices for implementing a state judicial outreach liaison program. (Report No. DOT HS 812 676). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/14161-bestpracticesforsjols_032519_v10-withblanks-tag.pdf

Azofeifa, A., Rexach-Guzmán, B. D., Hagemeyer, A. N., Rudd, R. A., & Sauber-Schatz, E.K. (2019). Driving under the influence of marijuana and illicit drugs among persons aged ≥16 Years — United States, 2018. Morbity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68, 1153–1157.

Baird, J., Yang, E., Strezsak, V., & Mello, M. J. (2017). Examining motor vehicle crash involvement and readiness to change on drinking and driving behaviors among injured emergency department patients. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(5), 463-469.

Banta-Green, C., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Ebel, B., Andris, L. & Qiu, Q. (2016). Cannabis use among drivers suspected of driving under the influence or involved in collisions: Analysis of Washington State Patrol data. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. http://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/CannabisUseAmongDriversInWashington.pdf

Barrett, H., Vanlaar, W. G. M., & Robertson, R. D. (2017). Safe rides as an alternative to alcohol-impaired driving and their effects: A literature review. Traffic Injury Research Foundation. tirf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Safe-rides-A-literature-review-6.pdf

Barta, W. D., Fisher, V., & Hynes, P. (2017). Decreased re-conviction rates of DUI offenders with intensive supervision and home confinement. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse43(6), 742-746.

Beirness, D. J., & Beasley, E. E. (2014). An evaluation of immediate roadside prohibitions for drinking drivers in British Columbia: Findings from roadside surveys. Traffic Injury Prevention, 15, 288-233.

Beirness, D. J., Clayton, A., & Vanlaar, W. (2008). An investigation of the usefulness, the acceptability and impact on lifestyle of alcohol ignition interlocks in drink-driving offenders (Report No. 88). United Kingdom Department of Transport. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120606095242/http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/research-and-statistical-reports/investigation.pdf

Beirness, D. J., & Marques, P. R. (2004). Alcohol ignition interlock programs. Traffic Injury Prevention5(3), 299-308.

Beirness, D. J., & Robertson, R. D. (2005). Alcohol interlock programs: Enhancing acceptance, participation and compliance. Traffic Injury Research Foundation. https://docplayer.net/1663323-Alcohol-interlock-programs-enhancing-acceptance-participation-and-compliance.html

Beirness, D. J., & Simpson, H. M. (2006). Role of cannabis and benzodiazepines in motor vehicle crashes. In Drugs and traffic: A symposium (Transportation Research Circular, Number E-C096, pp. 12-21). Transportation Research Board. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec096.pdf

Bergen, G., Pitan, A., Qu, S., Shults, R. A., Chattopadhyay, S. K., Elder, R. W., Sleet, D. A., Coleman, H. L., Compton, R. P., Nichols, J. L., Clymer, J. M., Calvert, W. B., & the Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2014). Publicized sobriety checkpoint programs: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(5), 529-539.

Berning, A., Compton, R., Vegega, M., Beirness, D., Hedlund, J., Jones, R., & Nichols, J. (2008, September). Refusal of intoxication testing: A Report to Congress (Report No. DOT HS 811 098). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/811098_1.pdf

Berning, A., Compton, R., & Wochinger, K. (2015, February). Results of the 2013–2014 National Roadside Survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 118). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/812118-roadside_survey_2014.pdf

Berning, A., & Smither, D. D. (2014, November). Understanding the limitations of drug test information, reporting, and testing practices in fatal crashes (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 072). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812072-UnderstandLimitsDrugTest-ResearchNote.pdf

Bingham, C. R., Shope, J. T., Parow, J. E., & Raghunathan, T. E. (2009). Crash types: Markers of increased risk of alcohol-involved crashes among teen drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 528-535.

Bishop, C. A., Liu, S., Stephens, A. N., & Fitzharris, M. (2017). Associations between alcohol consumption patterns and attitudes towards alcohol interlocks. Accident Analysis & Prevention108, 83-90.

Blomberg, R. D. (1992, March). Lower BAC limits for youth: Evaluation of the Maryland .02 law (Report No. DOT HS 807 859). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1549

Boddie, A., & O’Brien, A. (2018, March). 2016 digest of State laws: Driving under the influence of drugs. First edition (Report No. DOT HS 812 468). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/812468_2016-digest-of-state-laws-driving-under-the-influence-of-drugs.pdf

Brunnauer, A., & Laux, G. (2013). The effects of most commonly prescribed second generation antidepressants on driving ability: A systematic review. Journal of Neural Transmission, 120, 225-232.

Brunson, W., & Knighten, P. (Eds.). (2005, March). Strategies for addressing the DWI offender: 10 promising sentencing practices (Report No. DOT HS 809 850). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/dwi_offender-10_promising_sentencing_practices.pdf

Byrne, P. A., Ma, T., & Elzohairy, Y. (2016). Vehicle impoundments improve drinking and driving license suspension outcomes: Large-scale evidence from Ontario. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 95(A), 125-131.

Byrne, P. A., Ma, T., Mann, R. E., & Elzohairy, Y. (2016). Evaluation of the general deterrence capacity of recently implemented (2009–2010) low and zero BAC requirements for drivers in Ontario. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 88, 56-67.

California DMV. (2018). 2016 Annual report of the California DUI management information system (Report No. CAL-DMV-RSS-18-256). https://merritt.cdlib.org/d/ark%3A%2F13030%2Fm5256gq6/1/producer%2FS5-256.pdf

Callaghan, R. C., Gatley, J. M., Sanches, M., Asbridge, M., & Stockwell, T. (2016). Impacts of drinking-age legislation on alcohol-impaired driving crimes among young people in Canada, 2009–13. Addiction, 111(6), 994-1003.

Callaghan, R. C., Gatley, J. M., Sanches, M., Benny, C., & Asbridge, M. (2016). Release from drinking-age restrictions is associated with increases in alcohol-related motor vehicle collisions among young drivers in Canada. Preventive Medicine, 91, 356-363.

Casanova-Powell, T., Hedlund, J., Leaf, W. and Tison, J. (2015, May). Evaluation of State ignition interlock programs: Interlock use analyses from 28 States, 2006-2011 (Report No. DOT HS 812 145). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812145-EvalStateIgnitionInterlockProg.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Vital signs: Alcohol-impaired driving among adults—United States, 2010. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60, 1351–1356. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6039a4.htm?scid=mm6039a4%20w

CDC. (2012). Vital signs: Drinking and driving among high school students aged >= 16 years – United States, 1991-2011. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 61, 796–800. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6139a5.htm?s_cid=mm6139a5_w

CDC. (2014). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_260.pdf

CDC. (2018). High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey. https://nccd.cdc.gov/Youthonline/App/Default.aspx

Century Council. (2008). Hardcore drunk driving: A sourcebook of promising strategies, laws & programs. The National Hardcore Drunk Driver Project.

Chang, I., Gregory, C., & Lapham, S. C. (2002). Review of screening instruments and procedures for evaluating DWI (Driving while intoxicated/impaired) offenders. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/70a9/e92f9b4d838476b9e0de726480c383318f98.pdf?_ga=2.167591032.75762146.1570474381-1703944869.1510587726

Chapman, E. A., Oulad, Daoud, S. & Maten, S. V. (2015). General deterrent evaluation of the ignition interlock pilot program in California (Report No. CAL-DMV-RSS-14-247). California Department of Motor Vehicles. www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/uploads/2020/04/S5-247-1.pdf

Cheesman, F., Kleiman, M., Lee, C. G., & Holt, K. (2014, May). Ignition interlock: An investigation into rural Arizona judges’ perceptions (Report No. DOT HS 812 025). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812025-Ignition-Interlock-Investigation-Rural-AZ-Judges.pdf

City of Columbus. (2019). Claiming an impounded vehicle. www.columbus.gov/publicservice/parking/Claiming-an-Impounded-Vehicle/

CLR – Clinical Laboratory Reference, 2019-2020. (2020). Cutoff and toxicity levels for drugs-of-abuse testing. www.clr-online.com/CLR_2019-20_Toxicity.pdf

Cohen, D. A., Mason, K., & Scribner, R. A. (2001). The population consumption model, alcohol control practices, and alcohol-related traffic fatalities. Preventive Medicine, 34, 187.

Compton, R. P. (2017, July). Marijuana-impaired driving: A Report to Congress (Report No. DOT HS 812 440). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/34995

Compton, R. P., & Berning, A. (2015, February). Drug and alcohol crash risk. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. DOT HS 812 117). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812117-Drug_and_Alcohol_Crash_Risk.pdf

Compton, R., Vegega, M., & Smither, D. (2009, December). Drug-impaired driving: Understanding the problem and ways to reduce it: A Report to Congress (Report No. DOT HS 811 268). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1949

Couper, F. J., & Logan, B. K. (2004, April). Drugs and human performance fact sheets (Report No. DOT HS 809 725). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps97828/drugs_web.pdf

Curtis, S. C., & Ramirez, R. L. (2011, November). Source investigations: A tool to combat impaired driving (Report No. DOT HS 811 519). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811519.pdf

Dang, J. N. (2008, May). Statistical analysis of alcohol-related driving trends, 1982-2005 (Report No. DOT HS 810 942). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/810942

Dassanayake, T., Michie, P., Carter, G., & Jones, A. (2011). Effects of benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and opioids on driving. A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological and experimental evidence. Drug Safety, 34, 125-156.

Decina, L. E., Foss, R. D., Tucker, M. E., Goodwin, A., & Sohn, J. (2009, September). Alternative transportation programs: A countermeasure for reducing impaired driving (Report No. DOT HS 811 188). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/40455

DeYoung, D. J. (1997, November). An evaluation of the specific deterrent effect of vehicle impoundment on suspended, revoked and unlicensed drivers in California (Report No. DOT HS 808 727). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1620

DeYoung, D. J. (2013a). Traffic safety impact of judicial and administrative driver license suspension. In Countermeasures to address impaired driving offenders: Toward an integrated model (Transportation Research Circular, Number E-C174, pp. 41-53). Transportation Research Board. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec174.pdf

DeYoung, D. J. (2013b). Controlling the risk of impaired drivers through use of vehicle-based sanctions: Impoundment, forfeiture, and license plate sanctions. In Countermeasures to address impaired driving offenders: Toward an integrated model (Transportation Research Circular, Number E-C174, pp. 20-31). Transportation Research Board. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec174.pdf

Dill, P. L., & Wells-Parker, E. (2006). Court-mandated treatment for convicted drinking drivers. Alcohol Research & Health, 29, 41-8. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6470906/

Dill, P. L., Wells-Parker, E., & Soderstrom, C. A. (2004). The emergency care setting for screening and intervention for alcohol use problems among injured and high-risk drivers: A review. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5, 278-291.

D'Onofrio, G., & Degutis, L. C. (2002). Preventive care in the emergency department: Screening and brief intervention for alcohol problems in the emergency department: A systematic review. Academic Emergency Medicine, 5, 627-638.

Downey, P.M. & Roman, J.K. (2014). Cost-benefit analysis: A guide for drug courts and other criminal justice programs. National Institute of Justice Research in Brief. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/246769.pdf

Downs, J., Shults, R., & West, B. (2017). Attitudes toward mandatory ignition interlocks for all offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated. Journal of Safety Research63, 99-103.

Dunlap, K. L., Mullins, T. G., & Stein, M. (2008, March). Guidelines for community supervision of DWI offenders (Report No. DOT HS 810 940). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810940.pdf

Eichelberger, A. H., & McCartt, A. T. (2016). Impaired driving enforcement practices among State and local law enforcement agencies in the United States. Journal of Safety Research, 58, 41–47.

Elder, R. W., Lawrence, B., Janes, G., Brewer, R. D., Toomey, T. L., Hingson, R. W.,… Fielding, J. (2007). Enhanced enforcement of laws prohibiting sale of alcohol to minors. Systematic review of effectiveness for reducing sales and underage drinking (Transportation Research Circular: Traffic Safety and Alcohol Regulation. Number E-C123, 181-187). Transportation Research Board. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec123.pdf

Elder, R. W., Shults, R. A., Sleet, D. A., Nichols, J. L., Thompson, R. S., Rajab, W., & the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2004). Effectiveness of mass media campaigns for reducing drinking and driving and alcohol-involved crashes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27, 57-65.

Elder, R. W., Voas, R., Beirness, D., Shults, R. A., Sleet, D. A., Nichols, J. L., & Compton, R. (2011). Effectiveness of ignition interlocks for preventing alcohol-impaired driving and alcohol-related crashes: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 40(3), 362-376. www.thecommunityguide.org/sites/default/files/publications/mvoi-AJPM-evrev-aid-massmedia.pdf

Elvik, R. (2013). Risk of road accident associated with the use of drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from epidemiological studies. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 60, 254-267.

Erickson, D. J., Farbakhsh, K., Toomey, T. L., Lenk, K. M., Jones-Webb, R., & Nelson, T. F. (2015). Enforcement of alcohol-impaired driving laws in the United States: A national survey of state and local agencies. Traffic Injury Prevention16(6), 533-539.

Erickson, D. J., Lenk, K. M., Sanem, J. R., Nelson, T. F., Jones-Webb, R., & Toomey, T. L. (2014). Current use of underage alcohol compliance checks by enforcement agencies in the United States. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research38(6), 1712-1719.

Erke, A., Goldenbeld, C., & Vaa, T. (2009). The effects of drink-driving checkpoints on crashes – A meta-analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41, 914-923.

Fagan, A. A., Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F. (2011). Engaging communities to prevent underage drinking. Alcohol Research & Health34(2), 167.

Farmer, C. M., Wells, J. K., Ferguson, S. A., & Voas, R. B. (1999). Field evaluation of the PAS III Passive Alcohol Sensor. Traffic Injury Prevention, 1, 55-61.

Federal Highway Administration. (2020, July 20). Notice N4510.844. Revised apportionment of Federal-aid highway program funds for fiscal year (FY) 2020. www.fhwa.dot.gov/legsregs/directives/notices/n4510844/

Fell, J., Auld-Owens, A., & Snowden, C. (2013). Evaluation of impaired driving assessments and special management reviews in reducing impaired driving fatal crashes in the United States. Annals of Automotive Medicine, 57, 33-44.

Fell, J. C., Compton, C., & Voas, R. B. (2008). A note on the use of passive alcohol sensors during routine traffic stops. Traffic Injury Prevention, 9, 534-538.

Fell, J. C., Ferguson, S. A., Williams, A. F., & Fields, M. (2003). Why are sobriety checkpoints not widely adopted as an enforcement strategy in the United States? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35, 897-902.

Fell, J. C., Fisher, D. A., Voas, R. B., Blackman, K., & Tippetts, A. S. (2009). The impact of underage drinking laws on alcohol-related fatal crashes of young drivers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 1208-1219.

Fell, J. C., Kubelka, J., & Treffers, R. (2018). Advancing drugged driving data at the State level: State-by-State assessment. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NORC-FINAL-REPORT_State-Recommendations-to-Improve-Data-on-Drugged-Drivi....pdf

Fell, J. C., Lacey, J. H., & Voas, R. B. (2004). Sobriety checkpoints: Evidence of effectiveness is strong, but use is limited. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5, 220-227.

Fell, J. C., Langston, E. A., Lacey, J. H., & Tippetts, A. S. (2008, February). Evaluation of seven publicized enforcement demonstration programs to reduce impaired driving: Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Indiana, and Michigan (Report No. DOT HS 810 941). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810941.pdf

Fell, J. C., & McKnight, A. S. (2013). Transdermal alcohol monitoring (TAM) in compliance with abstinence: Records from 250,000 offenders in the United States. Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing & Education Conference. Brisbane, Queensland. https://acrs.org.au/files/arsrpe/Paper%2019%20-%20Fell%20-%20Alcohol%20and%20Driving.pdf

Fell, J. C., McKnight, A. S., & Auld-Owens, A. (2013, February). Increasing impaired-driving enforcement visibility: Six case studies (Report No. DOT HS 811 716). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.  nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811716.pdf

Fell, J. C., & Scherer, M. (2017). Administrative license suspension: Does length of suspension matter? Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(6), 577-584.

Fell, J. C., Scherer, M., Thomas, S., & Voas, R. B. (2014). Effectiveness of social host and fake identification laws on reducing underage drinking driver fatal crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention15(sup1), S64-S73.

Fell, J. C., Scherer, M., Thomas, S., & Voas, R. B. (2016). Assessing the impact of twenty underage drinking laws. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77(2), 249-260.

Fell, J. C., Scherer, M., & Voas, R. (2015). The utility of including the strengths of underage drinking laws in determining their effect on outcomes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research39(8), 1528-1537.

Fell, J. C., Tippetts, A. S., & Langston, E. A. (2011, March). An evaluation of the three Georgia DUI courts (Report No. DOT HS 811 450). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811450.pdf

Ferguson, S. A. (2012). Alcohol-impaired driving in the United States: Contributors to the problem and effective countermeasures. Traffic Injury Prevention, 13, 427-441.

Ferguson, S. A., Fields, M., & Voas, R. B. (2000). Enforcement of zero-tolerance laws in the United States. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Stockholm, Sweden.

Fieldler, K., Brittle, C., & Stafford, S. (2012, April). Case studies of ignition interlock programs (Report No. DOT HS 811 594). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811594.pdf

Fisher, D. A., McKnight, A. S., & Fell, J. C. (2013, November). Intensive DWI supervision in urban areas—Feasibility study (Report No. DOT HS 811 861). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811861.pdf

Flewelling, R. L., Grube, J. W., Paschall, M. J., Biglan, A., Kraft, A., Black, C.… Ruscoe, J. (2013). Reducing youth access to alcohol: Findings from a community-based randomized trial. American Journal of Community Psychology, 51, 264-277.

Gerstein, D., Johnson, R., Harwood, H., Fountain, D., Suiter, N., & Malloy, K. (1994). Evaluating recovery services: The California Drug and Alcohol Treatment Assessment (CALDATA). California Department of Alcohol and Drug Problems.

Governors Highway Safety Association. (2015). Drug impaired driving laws. www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/dre_perse_laws.html

GHSA. (2018a). Alcohol-impaired driving laws by State, updated April 2018. www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/DrunkDrivingLaws_040418_0.pdf

GHSA. (2018b). Alcohol impaired driving. www.ghsa.org/state-laws/issues/alcohol%20impaired%20driving

GHSA. (2019). Alcohol-impaired driving laws by State, updated July 2019. www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/DrunkDrivingLaws_071019.pdf

Goodwin, A., Foss, R., Hedlund, J., Sohn, J., Pfefer, R., Neuman, T. R., Slack, K. L., & Hardy, K. K. (2005). Guidance for implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan, Volume 16: A guide for reducing alcohol-related collisions. Transportation Research Board. http://trb.org/publications/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_500v16.pdf

Government Accountability Office (GAO). (2014, June). Traffic safety: Alcohol ignition interlocks are effective while installed; Less is known about how to increase installation rates (Report to the Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate, Report No. GAO-14-559). www.gao.gov/assets/670/664281.pdf

Grube, J., & Stewart, K. (2004). Preventing impaired driving using alcohol policy. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5, 199-207.

Guard, A., & Rosenblum, L. (2008). Alcohol screening and brief intervention: A guide for public health practitioners. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.lifespan.org/sites/default/files/lifespan-files/documents/centers/injury-prevention-center/alcohol-screeening-and-brief-intervention-web.pdf

Haire, E. R., Leaf, W. A., Presser, D. F., & Solomon, M. G. (2011, April). Use of warrants to reduce breath test refusals: Experiences from North Carolina (Report No. DOT HS 811 461). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811461.pdf

Hansen, B., Miller, K. S., & Weber, C. (2018). Early evidence on recreational marijuana legalization and traffic fatalities (Working Paper No. w24417). National Bureau of Economic Research. www.nber.org/papers/w24417

Harron, A., & Kavanaugh, J. M. (2015). The bottom line: Research update on DWI courts. National Center for DWI Courts. www.dwicourts.org/wp-content/uploads/The%20Bottom%20Line_0.pdf

Hartman, R. L., Richman, J. E., Hayes, C. E., & Huestis, M. A. (2016). Drug recognition expert (DRE) examination characteristics of cannabis impairment. Accident Analysis & Prevention92, 219-229.

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