References
Aitken, M. E., Miller, B. K., Anderson, B. L., Swearinger, C. J., Monroe, K. W., Daniels, D., O'Neill, J.O., Scherer, L. R., Hafner, J., & Mullins, S. H. (2013). Promoting use of booster seats in rural areas through community sports programs. The Journal of Rural Health, 29, S70-S78.
Alonge, M., Alonge, C., O’Donnell, J., Harnish, A., Matz, M., & Decina, L. A. (2012, June). Avoiding “tween” tragedies: Demonstration project to increase seat belt use among 8- to 15-year-old motor vehicle occupants (Report No. DOT HS 811 096). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811096.pdf
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. (2011). Policy statement: Child passenger safety. Pediatrics, 127, 788-793.
Amiotte, J., Balanay, J. A., & Humphrey, C. (2016). Seat belt usage interventions for motor vehicle crash prevention on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. Journal of Environmental Health, 78(6), 46-52.
Arbogast, K. B., Jermakian, J. S., Kallan, M. J., & Durbin, D. R. (2009). Effectiveness of belt positioning booster seats: An updated assessment. Pediatrics, 124, 1281-1286.
Ash, I. K., Edwards, A. L., & Porter, B. E. (2014). An investigation of state population characteristics that moderate the relationship of state seat belt law and use in the United States. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 71, 129-136. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.05.011
Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety. (2001). 2001 seat belt summit: Policy options for increasing seat belt use in the United States.
Bachman, S. L., Salzman, G. A., Burke, R. V., Arbogast, H., Ruiz, P., & Upperman, J. S. (2016). Observed child restraint misuse in a large, urban community: Results from three years of inspection events. Journal of Safety Research, 56, 17-22.
Benedetti, M., Klinich, K. D., Manary, M. A., & Flannagan, C. A. (2017). Predictors of restraint use among child occupants. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(8), 866-869.
Bhat, G., Beck, L., Bergen, G., & Kresnow, M. J. (2015). Predictors of rear seat belt use among US adults, 2012. Journal of Safety Research, 53, 103-106. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/75916
Billie, H., Crump, C. E., Letourneau, R. J., & West, B. A. (2016). Child safety and booster seat use in five tribal communities, 2010–2014. Journal of Safety Research, 59, 113-117.
Blomberg, R. D., Thomas, F. D., & Cleven, A. M. (2009, March). Innovative seat belt demonstration programs in Kentucky, Mississippi, North Dakota, and Wyoming (Report No. DOT HS 811 080). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/811080_0.pdf
Boase, P., Jonah, B. A., & Dawson, N. (2004). Occupant restraint use in Canada. Journal of Safety Research, 35, 223-229.
Bowman, J. A., Sanson-Fisher, R. W., & Webb, G. R. (1987). Interventions in preschools to increase the use of safety restraints by preschool children. Pediatrics, 79(1), 103-109.
Boyle, J. M. & Lampkin, C. (2008, August). 2007 Motor vehicle occupant safety survey. Volume 2, Seat belt report (Report No. DOT HS 810 975). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810975.pdf
Brixey, S. N., Corden, T. E., Guse, C. E., & Layde, P. M. (2011). Booster seat legislation: Does it work for all children? Injury Prevention, 17, 233-237.
Brown, J., Finch, C. F., Hatfield, J., & Bilston, L. E. (2011). Child restraint fitting stations reduce incorrect restraint use among child occupants. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43, 1128-1133.
Brubacher, J. R., Desapriya, E., Erdelyi, S., & Chan, H. (2016). The impact of child safety restraint legislation on child injuries in police-reported motor vehicle collisions in British Columbia: An interrupted time series analysis. Pediatrics & Child Health, 21(4), 27-31.
Bruce, B. S., Snowden, A. W., Cunningham, C., Cramm, C. L., Whittle, K., Correale, H., Barwick, M., Piotrowski, C., Warda, L., & Harrold, J. (2011). Predicting parents’ use of booster seats. Injury Prevention, 17, 313-318.
Bryant-Stephens, T., Garcia-Espana, J. F., & Winston, F. K. (2013). Boosting restraint norms: A community-delivered campaign to promote booster seat use. Traffic Injury Prevention, 14, 578-583.
Chaudhary, N. K., Alonge, M., & Preusser, D. F. (2005). Evaluation of the Reading, PA nighttime safety belt enforcement campaign: September 2004. Journal of Safety Research, 36, 321-326.
Chaudhary, N. K., Tison, J., & Casanova, T. (2010, April). Evaluation of Maine's seat belt law change from secondary to primary enforcement (Report No. DOT HS 811 259). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811259.pdf
Decina, L. E., Hall, W. L., & Lococo, K.H. (2010, February). Booster seat law enforcement: Examples from Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington (Report No. DOT HS 811 247). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/2071
Decina, L. E., Lococo, K. H., Ashburn, W., Hall, W. L., & Rose, J. (2008, May). Identifying strategies to improve the effectiveness of booster seat laws (Report No. DOT HS 810 969). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1835
Decina, L. E., Temple, M. G., & Dorer, H. S. (1994, March). Local police enforcement, public information and education strategies to foster more and proper use of child safety seats by toddlers: Evaluation of a demonstration project. (Report No. DOT HS 808 120). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1553
Dinh-Zarr, T. B., Sleet, D. A., Shults, R. A., Zaza, S., Elder, R. W., Nichols, J. L., Thompson, R. S., Sosin, D. M., & the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2001). Reviews of evidence regarding strategies to increase the use of safety belts. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21, 48-65. www.thecommunityguide.org/sites/default/files/publications/mvoi-AJPM-evrev-seat-belts.pdf
Dukehart, J. G., Walker, L., Lococo, K., Decina, L. E., & Staplin, L. (2007). Safe Kids checkup events: A national study. Safe Kids Worldwide. www.safekids.org/assets/docs/ourwork/research/research-report-cps-2006.pdf
Dunn, L., Holliday, A., & Vegega, M. (2016, March). Motor vehicle occupant protection facts – Children, youth, young adults (Report No. DOT HS 812 251). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/812251-youthfactsbook2016.pdf
Durbin, D. R., Hoffman, B. D., & Council on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. (2018). Child passenger safety. Pediatrics, 142(5), e20182460. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2460
Ebel, B. E., Koepsell, T. D., Bennett, E. E., & Rivara, F. P. (2003). Too small for a seat belt: Predictors of booster seat use by child passengers. Pediatrics, 111, e323-e327.
Eby, D. W., Kostyniuk, L. P., Molnar, L. J., Vivoda, J. M., & Miller, L. L. (2004). The effect of changing from secondary to primary safety belt enforcement on police harassment. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36, 819-828.
Ehiri, J. E., Ejere, H. O., Magnussen, L., Emusu, D., King, W., & Osberg, S. J. (2006). Interventions for promoting booster seat use in four to eight year olds traveling in motor vehicles. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).
Elliott, K. R., Solomon, M. G., & Preusser, D. F. (2014, November). Evaluation of a high-visibility enforcement seat belt program on the Blue Ridge Parkway (Report No. DOT HS 812 085). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1997
Enriquez, J. (2019, August). Occupant restraint use in 2018: Results from the NOPUS controlled intersection study (Report No. DOT HS 812 781). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812781
Enriquez, J., & Pickrell, T. M. (2019, January). Seat belt use in 2018 – Overall results (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 662). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812662
Farmer, C. M., & Williams, A. F. (2005). Effect on fatality risk of changing from secondary to primary seat belt enforcement. Journal of Safety Research, 36, 189-194.
Fell, J. C., Baker, T. K., McKnight, A. S., Brainard, K., Langston, E., Rider, R., Levy, D., & Grube, J. (2005, September). Increasing teen safety belt use: A program and literature review (Report No. DOT HS 809 899). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/809899.pdf
Garcia-Espana, J. F., Winston, F. K., & Durbin, D. R. (2012). Safety belt laws and disparities in safety belt use among US high-school drivers. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1128-1134.
Glassbrenner, D. (2006, March). Safety belt use in 2005: Use rates in the states and territories (Report No. DOT HS 809 970). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/809970
Governors Highway Safety Association. (2019a). Seat belt laws by State. www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/SeatBeltLaws_June19.pdf
GHSA. (2019b). Child passenger safety. www.ghsa.org/issues/child-passenger-safety#:~:text=Require%20all%20children%20to%20be,by%20children%20younger%20than%2013.
Greenwell, N. K. (2015, May). Results of the national child restraint use special study (Report No. DOT HS 812 142). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812142
Gunn, V. L., Phillippi, R. M., & Cooper, W. O. (2007). Improvement in booster seat use in Tennessee. Pediatrics, 119, 131-136.
Han, G.-M. (2017). Non-seatbelt use and associated factors among passengers. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 24(2), 251-255.
Harper, S., & Strumpf, E. C. (2017). Primary enforcement of mandatory seat belt laws and motor vehicle crash deaths. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(2), pp 176-183.
Hedlund, J., Gilbert, S. H., Ledingham, K., & Preusser, D. (2008, August). How states achieve high seat belt use rates (Report No. DOT HS 810 962). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/810962
Hedlund, J. H., Preusser, D. F., & Shults, R. A. (2004). A research agenda for increasing safety belt use in the United States. Journal of Safety Research, 35, 231-235.
Hinch, M., Solomon, M., & Tison, J. (2014, March). The Click It or Ticket evaluation, 2012 (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 811 989). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/811989-the_click_it_or_ticket_eval_2012_rn_tsf.pdf
Houston, D. J., & Richardson, L. E. (2006). Getting Americans to buckle up: The efficacy of state seat belt laws. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37, 1114-1120.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (2017). Unbelted: Adults admit they often skip belts in rear seat. Status Report, 52(5).
IIHS. (2019a). Safety belts and child safety seats. www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/laws/safetybeltuse?topicName=safety-belts
IIHS. (2019b). Seat belt and child seat laws by state. www.iihs.org/topics/seat-belts/seat-belt-law-table
Jennings, C., Merzer, A., & Mitchell, P. (2006). Tween traffic safety: Influencing 8- to 12-year- olds to sit safely buckled in a back seat. Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety.
Kahane, C. J. (1986, February). An evaluation of child passenger safety: The effectiveness and benefits of safety seats (Report No. DOT HS 806 890). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/806890
Kahane, C. J. (2015, January). Lives saved by vehicle safety technologies and associated Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, 1960 to 2012–Passenger cars and LTVs–With reviews of 26 FMVSS and the effectiveness of their associated safety technologies in reducing fatalities, injuries, and crashes. (Report No. DOT HS 812 069). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812069
Klinich, K. D., Manary, M. A., & Weber, K. B. (2012). Crash protection for child passengers: rationale for best practice. UMTRI Research Review, 43, 1-35.
Kroeker, A. M., Teddy, A. J., & Macy, M. L. (2015). Car seat inspection among children older than 3 years: Using data to drive practice in child passenger safety. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 79(3), S48-S54.
Kuhn, M., & Lam, J. (2008a, May). Increasing seat belt use among 8- to 15-year-olds: Volume I: Findings (Report No. DOT HS 810 965). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810965.pdf
Kuhn, M., & Lam, J. (2008b, May). Increasing seat belt use among 8- to 15-year-olds: Volume II: Appendices (Report No. DOT HS 810 966). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810966.pdf
Li, R., & Pickrell, T. (2018a, April, revised). Seat belt use in 2017—Overall results (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 465). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812465
Li, R., & Pickrell, T. (2018b, September). The 2017 National Survey of the Use of Booster Seats (Report No. DOT HS 812 617). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812617
Li, R., & Pickrell, T. M. (2019, February). Occupant restraint use in 2017: Results from the NOPUS controlled intersection study (Report No. DOT HS 812 594). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812594
Louis, B., & Lewis, M. (1997). Increasing car seat use for toddlers from inner-city families. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1044-1045.
Lucke, R. E., Raub, R. A., Pfefer, R., Neuman, T. R., Slack, K. L., & Hardy, K. K. (2004). Guidance for implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan, Volume 11: A guide for increasing seatbelt use. Transportation Research Board. http://trb.org/publications/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_500v11.pdf
MacKay, M., & Walker, L. (2017, September). Car seat tethers: Essential for safety but consistently overlooked. Safe Kids Worldwide. www.safekids.org/sites/default/files/study-tethers_2017_final-for_web.pdf
Macy, M. L., Brines, S., Klinich, K. D., Manary, M. A., Gebremariam, A., Teddy, A. J., & Bingham, C. R. (2016). Child passenger safety needs and resources in Michigan. Transportation Research Board. https://trid.trb.org/view/1470953
Mannix, R., Fleegler, E., Meehan III, W. P., Schutzman, S. A., Hennelley, K., Nigrovic, L., & Lee, L. K. (2012). Booster seat laws and fatalities in children 4 to 7 years of age. Pediatrics, 130, 996-1002.
Margolis, L. H., Bracken, J., & Stewart, J.R. (1996). Effects of North Carolina's mandatory safety belt law on children. Injury Prevention, 2, 32-35.
Masten, S. (2007, March). The effects of changing to primary enforcement on daytime and nighttime seat belt use. Research note (Report No. DOT HS 810 743). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/TSF/HS810743/810743.html ; PDF available at https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/TSF/HS810743/810743.pdf
Milano, M., McInturff, B., & Nichols, J. L. (2004). The effect of earned and paid media strategies in high-visibility enforcement campaigns. Journal of Safety Research, 35, 203-214.
Mirman, J. H., Seifert, S. J., Metzger, K., Durbin, D. R., Arbogast, K. B., & Zonfrillo, M. R. (2017). Caregivers’ use of child passenger safety resources and quality of future child restraint system installations. Safety, 3(4), 24.
Missouri Department of Transportation. (2017, October 10). Seat belt usage on the rise. www.modot.org/node/13598
National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (1996, December). Revised estimates of child restraint effectiveness (Research Note. Report No. 96855). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/96855
NCSA. (2007, April). Seat belt use in 2006 - Use rates in the States and territories (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 810 690). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/810690
NCSA. (2019, December). Seat belt use in 2019 – Overall results (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 875). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812875
NCSA. (2020a, April). Seat belt use in 2019 — Use rates in the States and Territories (Traffic Safety Facts Crash•Stats. Report No. DOT HS 812 947). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812947
NCSA. (2020b, June). Occupant protection in passenger vehicles: 2018 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 967). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812967
NCSA. (2021, January). Children: 2018 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 887). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812887
National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances. (2000). Uniform vehicle code. Model Occupant Protection Law. https://iamtraffic.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/UVC2000.pdf
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1990). Enforcing child passenger safety laws: Eight community strategies (Report No. DOT HS 807 631). https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38506
NHTSA. (2003, July). Initiatives to address safety belt use (Unnumbered report). www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Vehicle%20Safety/Studies%20&%20Reports/Associated%20Files/OPIPT_FinalRpt_07-17-03.pdf
NHTSA. (2014a). Car seats and booster seats (Web page and portal). www.nhtsa.gov/equipment/car-seats-and-booster-seats
NHTSA. (2014b, March). Demonstration of the trauma nurses talk tough seat belt diversion program in North Carolina reaches high-risk drivers (Traffic Tech. Report No. DOT HS 811 874). www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811874-Trauma_Nurses_Talk_Tough_SeatBelt_NC_High-Risk-TT.pdf
NHTSA. (2016). Campaign history: Fact sheet. https://ncvisionzero.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ciot-history.pdf
NHTSA. (2018, May 21). Buckle up. It could save your life. www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/buckle-it-could-save-your-life
NHTSA. (2019). Car seat recommendations for children. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/carseat-recommendations-for-children-by-age-size.pdf
Nichols, J. L., Chaffe, R., & Solomon, M. G. (2012, August). Impact of implementing a primary enforcement seat belt law in Florida: A case study (Report No. DOT HS 811 656). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811656.pdf
Nichols, J. L., Chaffe, R. H. B., & Solomon, M. G. (2016, October). More Cops More Stops: Evaluation of a combined enforcement program in Oklahoma and Tennessee (Report No. DOT HS 812 337). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/812337_morecopsmorestops.pdf
Nichols, J., Chaffe, R., Solomon, M., & Tison, J. (2016, January). The Click It or Ticket evaluation, 2013 (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 238). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/812238_RN-CIOT_2013_Evaluation.pdf
Nichols, J. L., Haire, E., Elliot, K., Solomon, M., & Preusser Research Group. (2018, July). Evaluation of teen seat belt demonstration projects in Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, and Texas (Report No. DOT HS 812 464). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/36730
Nichols, J., Haire, E., Solomon, M., Ellison-Potter, P., & Cosgrove, L. (2011, July). Evaluation of teen seat belt demonstration projects in Colorado and Nevada (Report No. DOT HS 811 518). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1929
Nichols, J. L., & Ledingham, K. A. (2008). The impact of legislation, enforcement, and sanctions on safety belt use (NCHRP Report 601). Transportation Research Board. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_601.pdf
Nichols, J. L., Ledingham, K. A., & Preusser, D. F. (2007, April). Effectiveness of the May 2005 rural demonstration program and the Click It or Ticket mobilization in the Great Lakes region: First year results (Report No. DOT HS 810 753). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.dot.gov/buckleup/CIOT2005_effectiveness/images/810753l.pdf
Nichols, J. L., Solomon, M. G., Chaffe, R. H. B., & Preusser, D. F. (2010, May). Evaluation of a county enforcement program with a primary seat belt ordinance: St. Louis County, Missouri (Report No. DOT HS 811 292). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1901
Nichols, J. L., Tippetts, A. S., Fell, J. C., Auld-Owend, A., Wiliszowski, C. H., Haseltine, P. W., & Eichelberger, A. (2010, May). Strategies to increase seat belt use: An analysis of levels of fines and the type of law (Report No. DOT HS 811 413). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/occupant_protection/pdf/811413.pdf
Nichols, J. L., Tippetts, A. S., Fell, J. C., Eichelberger, A. H., & Haseltine, P. W. (2014). The effects of primary enforcement laws and fine levels on seat belt usage in the United States. Traffic Injury Prevention, 15(6), 640-644.
Nichols, J. L., Tison, J., Solomon, M. G., Ledingham, K. A., Preusser, D. F., & Siegler, J. N. (2009, June). Evaluation of the “Buckle Up in Your Truck” programs (Report No. DOT HS 811 131). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/811131.pdf
North Dakota Department of Transportation. (2004). Pick Up the Habit for Someone You Love campaign (Contract PHSP4030301).
Raymond, P., Searcy, S., Miller, S., & Redden, C. (2018, March). Additional analysis of National Child Restraint Use Special Study: Characteristics of those not restrained (Report No. DOT HS 812 477). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/35963
Reinfurt, D. W. (2004). Click It or Ticket in North Carolina: A decade of progress. Journal of Safety Research, 35, 181-188.
Retting, R., Ballou, M., Sexton, T., Miller, R., Rothenberg, H., Kerns, T., & Johnson, A. (2018, April). Evaluation of nighttime seat belt enforcement demonstration program and identification of characteristics of unbelted high-risk drivers (Report No. DOT HS 812 474). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/13289_nightimeseatbeltreport_042018_v3a-tag.pdf
Reyes, M. L., McGehee, D. V., Marshall, D., Skinner, E., Lundell, J., & Peek-Asa, C. (2014). A comparative policy analysis of seat belt laws (Report No. RB37‐013). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa.
Safe Kids Worldwide. (2018). About CPS certification. https://cert.safekids.org
Sauber-Schatz, E. K., West, B. A., & Bergen, G. (2014). Vital signs: restraint use and motor vehicle occupant death rates among children aged 0–12 years—United States, 2002–2011. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 63(5), 113.
Schwebel, D. C., Tillman, M. A., Crew, M., Muller, M., & Johnston, A. (2017). Using interactive virtual presence to support accurate installation of child restraints: Efficacy and parental perceptions. Journal of Safety Research, 62, 235-243
Schneider, H., Pfetzer, E., Black, W., & Dickey, J. (2017). Factors influencing seatbelt utilization in Louisiana and strategies to improve usage rate (Report No. FHWA/LA.16/572). Federal Highway Administration. www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2017/FR_572.pdf
Shults, R. A., Nichols, J. L., Dinh-Zarr, T. B., Sleet, D. A., & Elder, R. W. (2004). Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws: A summary of the guide to community preventive services systematic reviews. Journal of Safety Research, 35, 189-196.
Simniceanu, A., Richmond, S. A., Snowdon, A., Hussein, A., Boase, P., & Howard, A. (2014). Child restraint use in Canadian provinces with and without legislation in 2010. Traffic Injury Prevention, 15(7), 734-739.
Solomon, M. G., Chaffe, R. H. B., & Cosgrove, L. A. (2007, May). May 2004 Click It or Ticket seat belt mobilization evaluation (Report No. DOT HS 810 716). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1771
Solomon M. G., Chaffe, R. H. B., & Preusser, D. F. (2009, August). Nighttime enforcement of seat belt laws: An evaluation of three community programs (Report No. DOT HS 811 189). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/16741
Solomon, M. G., Chaudhary, N. K., & Cosgrove, L. A. (2004, March). May 2003 Click It or Ticket safety belt mobilization evaluation (Report No. DOT HS 809 694). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1717
Solomon, M. G., Compton, R. P., & Preusser, D. F. (2004). Taking the “Click It or Ticket” model nationwide. Journal of Safety Research, 35, 197-201.
Solomon, M. G., Gilbert, S. H. Nichols, J., Chaffe, R. H. B., Tison, J., & Chaudhary, N. K. (2007, May). Evaluation of the May 2005 Click It or Ticket mobilization to increase seat belt use (Report No. DOT HS 810 778). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/2005CIOTReport.pdf
Solomon, M. G., Preusser, D. F., Tison, J., & Chaudhary, N. K. (2009, December) Evaluation of the May 2007 Click It or Ticket mobilization (Report No. DOT HS 811 239). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811239.pdf
Solomon, M. G., Ulmer, R. G., & Preusser, D. F. (2002, September). Evaluation of Click It or Ticket model programs (Report No. DOT HS 809 498). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1747
Spado, D., Schaad, A., & Block, A. (2019, December). 2016 motor vehicle occupant safety survey; Volume 2: Seat belt report (Report No. DOT HS 812 727). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/43609
Starnes, M. (2003, March). The relationship between driver and child passenger restraint use among fatally injured child passengers age 0-15 (Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 809 558). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/809558
Stehr, S. D., & Lovrich, N. (2003). An assessment of child car booster seat usage in the state of Washington. Washington State University.
St. Louis, R. M., Mercer, B. J., & Eby, D. W. (2011, September). Documenting how states recently upgraded to primary seat belt laws (Report No. DOT HS 811 524). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811524.pdf
Tessier, K. (2010). Effectiveness of hands-on education for correct child restraint use by parents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 1041-1047.
Thomas, F. D., & Blomberg, R. D. (2016, April). Evaluation of Kansas and Missouri rural seat belt demonstrations (Report No. DOT HS 812 268). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1981
Thomas, F. D., Blomberg, R. D., Korbelak, K. T., Fauchier, C. M. & Zhang, J. (2017, July). Identifying opportunities to decrease vehicle occupant fatalities (Report No. DOT HS 812 435). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/13121_beltusereport_070617_v3_tag.pdf
Thomas, F. D., Blomberg, R. D., Fairchild, J., & Cosgrove, L. (2014, March). Demonstration of the trauma nurses talk tough seat belt diversion program in North Carolina (Report No. DOT HS 811 873). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811873-Trauma_Nurses_Talk_Tough_SeatBelt.pdf
Thomas III, F. D., Blomberg, R. D., & Van Dyk, J. (2010, December). Evaluation of the first year of the Washington nighttime seat belt enforcement program (No. DOT HS 811 295). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1911
Tison, J., & Williams, A.F. (2010, January). Analyzing the first years of the Click It or Ticket mobilizations (Report No. DOT HS 811 232). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811232.pdf
Tison, J., Williams, A. F., Chaudhary, N. K., & Nichols, J. L. (2011, September). Determining the relationship of primary seat belt laws to minority ticketing (Report No. DOT HS 811 535). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811535.pdf
University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital Injury Prevention Center. (2014, March). Creating a campaign for parents of pre-drivers to encourage seat belt use by 13- to 15-year-olds (Report No. DOT HS 811 894). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811894-Campaign_for_Parents_of_Pre-Drivers_to_Encourage_Seat_Belt_Use.pdf
West, B. A., & Naumann, R. B. (2014). Tribal motor vehicle injury prevention programs for reducing disparities in motor vehicle-related injuries. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 63(01), 28-33.
Will, K. E., & Dunaway, K. E. (2017). Evaluation of a participative education process for increasing tween restraint use in Virginia: The Make It Click initiative. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 45, 54-64.
Will, K. E., Sabo, C. S., & Porter, B. E. (2009). Evaluation of the Boost 'em in the Back Seat Program: Using fear and efficacy to increase booster seat use. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41, 57-65.
Williams, A. F., & Wells, J. K. (2004). The role of enforcement programs in increasing seat belt use. Journal of Safety Research, 35, 175-180.
Williams, A. F., Wells, J. K., & Ferguson, S. A. (1997). Development and evaluation of programs to increase proper child restraint use. Journal of Safety Research, 28, 69-73.
Winston, F.K., Erkoboni D., & Xie, D. (2007). Identifying interventions that promote belt-positioning booster seat use for parents with low educational attainment. Journal of Trauma, 63, S29–S38.
Womack, K. N., De La Zerda, S., Block, A. W., & Guzzetta, C. S. (2005, March). Assessment of the NHTSA standardized Child Passenger Safety (CPS) training course (Report No. DOTHS 809 885). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/CPS_Assessment/images/809_885.pdf
Zakrajsek, J. S., Eby, D. W., Molnar, L. J., St. Louis, R., & Zanier, N. (2014, March). Evaluating Just Get It Across: A parent-directed demonstration program to increase young teen seat belt use (Report No. DOT HS 811 893). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811893-Evaluating_Just_Get_It_Across_a_Parent-Directed_Demonstration_Program.pdf
Zaza, S., Sleet, D. A., Thompson, R. S., Sosin, D. M., & Bolen, J. C. (2001). Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase use of child safety seats. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21, 31-47.