United States Department of TransportationReferences
Baer, J. D., Ayotte, K., & Baldi, S. (2010, February). Evaluation of state motorcycle safety programs (Report No. DOT HS 811 269). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811269
Baer, J., & Skemer, M. (2009, January). Review of state motorcycle safety program technical assessments (Report No. DOT HS 811 082). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811082
Bayly, M., Regan, M., & Hosking, S. (2006). Intelligent transport systems and motorcycle safety (Report No. 260). Monash University Accident Research Centre. www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/muarc260.pdf
Becker, L. R., McKnight, A. S., Nelkin, V. S., & Piper, D. L. (2003, February). Drinking, riding, and prevention: A focus group study (Report No. DOT HS 809 490). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/drinkrideprevent/DrinkRidePrevention.pdf
Brewer, B. L., Diehl, A. H., Johnson, L. S., Salomone, J. P., Wilson, K. L., Atallah, H. Y., Feliciano, D. V., & Rozycki, G. S. (2013). Choice of motorcycle helmet makes a difference: A prospective observational study. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 75, 88-91.
Brooks, E., Naud, S., & Shapiro, S. (2010). Are youth-only motorcycle helmet laws better than none at all? American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 31, 125-129.
Carter, P. M., Buckley, L., Flannagan, C. A., Cicchino, J. B., Hemmila, M., Bowman, P. J., Almani, F., & Bingham, C. R. (2017, January). The impact of Michigan’s partial repeal of the universal motorcycle helmet law on helmet use, fatalities, and head injuries. American Journal of Public Health, 107(1), 166-172.
Cavallo, V., & Pinto, M. (2012). Are car daytime running lights detrimental to motorcycle conspicuity? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 49, 78-85.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Motorcycle safety: How to save lives and save money. www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/pdf/mc2012/MotorcycleSafetyBook.pdf
Coben, J. H., Steiner, C. A., & Miller, T. R. (2007). Characteristics of motorcycle-related hospitalizations: Comparing states with different helmet laws. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39, 190-196.
Community Preventive Services Task Force. (2017). Motorcycle helmet laws prevent injury and save lives: Recommendation of the Community Preventive Services Task Force. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(6), 817–819. www.thecommunityguide.org/sites/default/files/publications/mvoi-ajpm-rec-universalhelmets.pdf
Compton, R., Vegega, M., & Smithers. D. (2009, December) Drug-impaired driving: Understanding the problem and ways to reduce it: A Report to Congress (Report No. HS 811 268). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1949
Creaser, J. I., Ward, N. J., Rakauskas, M. E., Boer, E., Shankwitz, C., & Nardi, F. (2007, December). Effects of alcohol on motorcycle riding skills (Report No. DOT HS 810 877). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1826
Cummings, P., Rivara, F. P., Olson, C. M., & Smith, K. M. (2006). Changes in traffic crash mortality rates attributed to use of alcohol, or lack of a seat belt, air bag, motorcycle helmet, or bicycle helmet, United States, 1982-2001. Injury Prevention, 12, 148-154.
Derrick, A. J. & Faucher, L. D. (2009). Motorcycle helmets and rider safety: A legislative crisis. Journal of Public Health Policy, 30, 226-242.
Deuterman, W. (2004, March). Motorcycle helmet effectiveness revisited (Report No. DOT HS 809 715). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/809715
Fell, J. C., Ramirez, A., McKnight, A. S., Yao, J., & Auld-Owens, A. (2017, April). Changes to Puerto Rico’s motorcycle rider law (Report No. DOT HS 812 397). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/2091
General Accounting Office. (1991). Highway safety: Motorcycle helmet laws save lives and reduce costs to society. U.S. General Accounting Office (now the Government Accountability Office). http://archive.gao.gov/d19t9/144486.pdf
Gilbert, H., Chaudhary, N., Solomon, M., Preusser, D., & Cosgrove, L. (2008, May). Evaluation of the reinstatement of the helmet law in Louisiana (Report No. DOT HS 810 956). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1838
Guide to Community Preventive Services. (2013). Motor vehicle-related injury prevention: Use of motorcycle helmets, universal helmet laws. www.thecommunityguide.org/sites/default/files/assets/MVOI-Motorcycle-Helmets-Laws-Mandating-Use.pdf
Highway Loss Data Institute. (2013). The effects of Michigan’s weakened motorcycle helmet use law on insurance losses. IIHS. www.iihs.org/media/13465fd7-23d7-46fd-a15e-ddf13d66c490/-2043639476/HLDI%20Research/Bulletins/hldi_bulletin_30.09.pdf
Houston, D. J. (2007). Are helmet laws protecting young motorcyclists? Journal of Safety Research, 38, 329-336.
Houston, D. J., & Richardson, L. E. (2008). Motorcyclist fatality rates and mandatory helmet-use laws. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40, 200-208.
IIHS. (2018). Motorcycles and ATVs—Fatality facts 2017. www.iihs.org/topics/fatality-statistics/detail/motorcycles-and-atvs
IIHS. (2019). Motorcycles, May 2019. www.iihs.org/topics/motorcycles#overview
Jenness, J. W., Jenkins, F., & Zador, P. (2011, September). Motorcycle conspicuity and the effect of fleet DRL: Analysis of two-vehicle fatal crashes in Canada and the United States 2001-2007 (DOT HS 811 505). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/811505.pdf
Jones, M. M., & Bayer, R. B. (2007). Paternalism & its discontents: Motorcycle helmet laws, libertarian values, and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 208-217.
Kelley-Baker, T., Berning, A., Ramirez, A., Lacey, J. H., Carr, K., Waehrer, G., & Compton, R. (2017, May). 2013-2014 National Roadside Study of alcohol and drug use by drivers: Drug results (Report No. DOT HS 812 411). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/2097
Kyrychenko, S. Y., & McCartt, A. T. (2006). Florida’s weakened motorcycle helmet law: Effects on death rates in motorcycle crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention, 7, 55-60.
Liu, B. C., Ivers, R., Norton, R., Blows, S., & Lo, S. K. (2008). Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. Art No.: CD004333.
Marques, P. R., & McKnight, A. S. (2017, June). Examination of the feasibility of alcohol interlocks for motorcycles (Report No DOT HS 812 423). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/2099
McKnight, A. S., Billheimer, J. W., & Tippetts, S. (2013, January). An examination of Washington state’s vehicle impoundment law for motorcycle endorsements (Report No. DOT HS 811 696). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811696.pdf
Morris, C. C. (2006). Generalized linear regression analysis of association of universal helmet laws with motorcyclist fatality rates. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38, 142-147.
Motorcycle Legal Foundation. (2018). State-by-state guide to motorcycle laws. www.motorcyclelegalfoundation.com/state-by-state-guide-to-motorcycle-laws/#daytimeheadlights
Motorcycle Safety Foundation. (2017). State on-highway motorcycle equipment requirements. www.msf-usa.org/downloads/Equipment_Chart_2017-MSFlogo.pdf
MSF. (2018). State motorcycle operator licensing - 2018. www.msf-usa.org/downloads/State-Motorcycle-Operator-Licensing-CSI-2018.pdf
National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2000). Traffic safety facts 1999 (Report No. DOT HS 809 089). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/809089
NCSA. (2017, March). Motorcycles: 2015 data (Report No. DOT HS 812 353). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812353
NCSA. (2019, July). Motorcycle helmet use in 2018 – Overall result. (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 720). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812720
NCSA. (2020, November). Motorcycles: 2018 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 979). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812979
National Cooperative Highway Research Program. (2008). Guidance for implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan, volume 22: A guide for addressing collisions involving motorcycles (NCHRP Report 500). Transportation Research Board. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_500v22.pdf
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (1996, June). Do motorcycle helmets interfere with the vision and hearing of riders? (Traffic Tech. Technology Transfer Series No. 127). www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/tt127.pdf
NHTSA. (1998, 2008). National Automotive Sampling System – General Estimates System [Custom data set analysis.]. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
NHTSA. (2000a, November). National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety. (Report No. DOT HS 809 156). https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/00-nht-212-motorcycle/toc.html
NHTSA. (2003, January). The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration motorcycle safety program (Report No. DOT HS 809 539). https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/motorcycle03/McycleSafetyProgram.pdf
NHTSA. (2006, December). Implementation guide for the National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety (Report No. DOT HS 810 680). https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/NAMS2006/images/ImplementationGuide.pdf
NHTSA. (2011, October). Traffic safety facts - 2009: Motorcycles (Report No. DOT HS 811 389). https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811389
NHTSA. (2013a, June). Prioritized recommendations of the National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety (Report No. DOT HS 811 789). www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811789.pdf
NHTSA. (2013b, March). The detection of DWI motorcyclists. https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/610DWIMotorcyWeb/pages/807856-Detection-DWI-Motorcyclists.pdf [See also Stuster, 1993, below.]
NHTSA. (2018a). Crash Report Sampling System [Custom data set analysis]. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
NHTSA. (2018b, 2020). Fatality Analysis Reporting System [Custom data set analysis]. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
NHTSA. (2019, May). Motorcycle safety 5-year plan (Report No. DOT HS 812 488).
Olsen, C. S., Thomas, A. M., Singleton, M., Gaichas, A. M., Smith, T. J., Smith, G. A., Peng, J., Bauer, M. J., Qu, M., Yeager, D., Kerns, T., Burch, C., & Cook, L. J. (2016). Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law. Injury Epidemiology, 3(1), 8.
Olson, P. L., Halstead-Nussloch, R., & Sivak, M. (1979, October). Development and testing of techniques for increasing the conspicuity of motorcycles and motorcycle drivers (Unnumbered report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/487/2/43121.0001.001.pdf
Peng, Y., Vaidya, N., Finnie, R., Reynolds, J., Dumitru, C., Njie, G., Elder, R., Ivers, R., Sakashita, C., Shults, R. A., & Sleet, D. A. (2017). Universal motorcycle helmet laws to reduce injuries: A community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(6), 820-832.
Philip, A. F., Fangman, W., Junlin, L., Lilienthal, M., & Choi, K. (2013). Helmets prevent motorcycle injuries with significant economic benefits. Traffic Injury Prevention, 14, 496-500.
Pierowicz, J., Gawron, V., Wilson, G., & Bisantz, A. (2011, September). The effects of motor vehicle fleet daytime running lights (DRL) on motorcycle conspicuity (DOT HS 811 504). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/811504.pdf
Pinto, M., Cavallo, V., & Saint-Pierre, G. (2014). Influence of front light configuration on the visual conspicuity of motorcycles. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 62, 230-237.
Preusser, D. F., Hedlund, J. H., & Ulmer, R. G. (2000, September). Evaluation of motorcycle helmet law repeal in Arkansas and Texas (Report No. DOT HS 809 131). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/EvalofMotor.pdf
Ramirez, A, Berning, A., Kelley-Baker, T., Lacey, J. H., Yao, J., Tippetts, A. S., Scherer, M., Carr, K., Pell, K., & Compton, R. (2016, December). 2013–2014 national roadside study of alcohol and drug use by drivers: Alcohol results (Report No. DOT HS 812 362). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/2084
Ranchet, M., Cavallo, V., Dang, N.-T., & Vienne, F. (2016). Improving motorcycle conspicuity through innovative headlight configurations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 94, 119-126.
Striker, R. H., Chapman, A. J., Titus, R. A., Davis, A. T., & Rodriguez, C. H. (2016). Repeal of the Michigan helmet law: The evolving clinical impact. American Journal of Surgery, 211(3), 529-533.
Stuster, J. (1993). The detection of DWI motorcyclists (Report No. DOT HS 807 839). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1559 [Note: Revised in 2013 as DOT HS 807 856, see NHTSA 2013b above.]
Teoh, E. R. (2011). Effectiveness of antilock braking systems in reducing motorcycle fatal crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention, 12, 169-173.
Teoh, E. R. (2013). Effects of antilock braking systems on motorcycle fatal crash rates: An update. IIHS. www.iihs.org/api/datastoredocument/bibliography/2042
Toeh, E. R. (2019). Motorcycles registered in the United States, 2002-18. IIHS. www.iihs.org/api/datastoredocument/bibliography/2181
Teoh, E. R., & Campbell, M. (2010). Role of motorcycle type in fatal motorcycle crashes. Journal of Safety Research, 41, 507-512.
Ulmer, R. G., & Northrup, V. S. (2005, August). Evaluation of the repeal of the all-rider motorcycle helmet law in Florida (Report No. DOT HS 809 849). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://one.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/FlaMCReport/pages/Index.htm
Ulmer, R. G., & Preusser, D. F. (2003, October). Evaluation of the repeal of motorcycle helmet laws in Kentucky and Louisiana (Report No. DOT HS 809 530). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/PEOPLE/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/kentuky-la03/index.html
U.S. Department of Transportation. (2007, October). U.S. Department of Transportation action plan to reduce motorcycle fatalities (Report No. DOT HS 810 855). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Communication%20&%20Consumer%20Information/Articles/Associated%20Files/4640-report2.pdf
Weiss, H., Agimi, Y., & Steiner, C. (2010). Youth motorcycle-related brain injury by state helmet law type: United States, 2005-2007. Pediatrics, 126, 1149-1155.
Wiznia, D. H., Kim, C.-Y., Dai, F., Goel, A., & Leslie, M. P. (2016). The effect of helmets on motorcycle outcomes in a level I trauma center in Connecticut. Traffic Injury Prevention, 17(6), 633-637.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2006). Helmets: A road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. Geneva. www.who.int/roadsafety/projects/manuals/helmet_manual/en/